Local Involvement :: Development, Farmers

One main issue about local involvement is how to incorporate democratic principles in the present dominant top-down hierarchical addendum system in developing countries. In the study about participatory annex approach in Vietnam, Minh et al. (2000) examine the potential and challenges to scale up several new participatory principles (participatory-based training methods, interactive training sessions, group-based sharing experience, practical learning, and learning-by-doing process) in the existing supply-driven extension system. They found that by the helper of external support, the approach has been proved to be successful to be employ in farmer level. In order to institutionalize this approach, they recommend victimization a stepwise procedure, in which it must be initiated by identifying the center problems of the existing extension system and the capacities and then gradually introducing the innovations rather than liberal them on the whole.Other issue about local invo lvement is how to desegregate farmers innovation into wider existing formal institutional system. Tchawa et al. (2002) assess the Participatory engineering science Development in Cameroon, in which they institute that such an innovation whitethorn be effectively adopted by the various well-disposed actors entangled in it, even though it requires tall(prenominal) learning process difficult at the beginning of the implementation. Taking the case of soil and water conservation, this participatory approach integrating indigenous practices and modern awkward innovations using the techniques of familiar and formal learning(pp. 206-211)However, one study showed that collaboration that involving farmers must be accomplished carefully because of the possibility of social bias. The study of collaborative research-extension plans conducted in Iran indicate that the joint plans, although able to promote collaboration mingled with extension workers and researchers, and extension workers and farmers, the results of this study indicate that such a cooperation plan may be more adaptive to larger-scale farmer segments than the smaller ones. (Movahedi et al., 2007). (pp.304-309)Other social segment that should be considered is the young farmers. Auta et al. (2010), in the study of Nigerian callowness farmers, argue that the youth needs agricultural trainings as well as more access to agricultural inputs and services to enable them participate in agricultural activities continuously, particularly under scarcity of food availability.Other focal extension issue in developing countries is about partnership among agricultural actors. In the study of cost-sharing scheme, as part of relationship reform between government and farmers extension service, Ozor et al., 2007) found that both farmers and extension workers hold prescribed perceptions regarding this new partnership scheme 80.