Canterbury Tales Analysis Essay Example for Free

Canterbury Tales Analysis EssayPhysically the two characters appear extremely different. The knight is dressed in a fustian tunic, varnished and dark with smudges where his armour had left mark (Chaucer 5). Although he is a distinguished manhood, he dresses humbly and does not give the appearance of arrogance. It is also apparent that he carries a sword, which would equate his profession as a knight because he is able to fight. The Sea Captains attire matches his occupation. He wears a fleece gown that reaches his knee (Chaucer 15) he is tan and has a large beard. He carries a dagger, implying that he knows how to fight and defend himself like the Knight.Considering their occupations, one can gravel many similarities. They are both very proficient at their jobs. The Sea Captain is described as having no competition None from Hull to Carthage was his match (Chaucer 16). He is experienced and knows the seas better than any captain. He is known for his skill at commanding his s hip, the Maudelayne. He frequently travels the sea. Similarly, the knight is a traveler, except on land. He is an experienced fighter, as he has been in many battles. He was present at the battle where Alexandria was taken in 1365 by the King of Cyprus. In fifteen mortal battles he had been (Chaucer 5). According to the examples of battles given in the text, the knight rarely loses a battle. He owns fine horses and is skilled at riding horseback. However, mien is what really sets these two characters apart. The knight is a chivalrous man. He believes in truth, honor, and generosity. People bearing up to him he is Ever honoured for his noble graces (Chaucer 4). A Christian and a virtuous man, he is even more humbled by his shoes as a knight. His many victories did not permit him to lose his reasonableness instead, they led him to be wise and honorable.The Sea Captain, in contrast, is a fearsome character. When dealing with prisoners, The nicer rules of conscience he ignored (Chau cer 16) they walked the plank. Not a virtuous man by any means, he has a reputation of stealing goods from traders while they sleep. Those who fight him fear him. He does not have a high position in society, but his brutality and prudence make him successful in battle. He is revered for his skill and success, but people do not look up to him. In summary, the use of foil by Chaucer enables the reader to notice differences and similarities between the Knight and the Sea Captain.They have similar occupations, but different roles in society as well as nearly opposite personalities. The foil emphasizes their characteristics to make them even more prominent to the reader. For example, the knights Christian value make the Sea Captain seem extremely harsh and lowly in comparison. The reader will be able to gain more bug out of the story these characters tell because of how detailed their character sketches are. Specifically, the characters are given more depth by their similarities and dif ferences to other characters in the tale.

Islam Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Islam Worksheet EssayWhen studying Islam, it is important to understand the essential elements of the faith, how they argon practiced, and the distinctions among the three branches Shiite Islam, Sunni Islam, and Sufism.Write a 1- to 2-paragraph response for each of the adjacent directives and note where there argon differences among the three branches of Islam.1. Explain the meaning of the name, Islam. Islam is the monotheistic religion furnish by the Quran, a text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God, and by the teachings and normative example (called the Sunnah and composed of Hadith) of Muhammad, considered by them to be the operate prophet of God. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim.2. Explain the basic concepts of Islam. Is an unerringly monotheistic religion. It enjoins the existence of maven God, his prophet Muhammad who is the Last Prophet in a presbyopic line of prophets sent throughout time and to every civilization, and the Quran as the Word of God revealed to Muhammad through the angel Jibrael. Muslims believe that God is one and unparalleled and the purpose of life is to worship him and to adhere to his word, as laid down in the Quran, and in Sunnah , as closely as possible. They believe that Islam is the final, realised and universal version of a faith revealed too many prophets before most notably Abraham, Moses and Jesus, but whose message has now been distorted.Describe the practices of Islam. They go to church building in cathedral mosques (Jamia), in which sermons are preached and congregational collections are offered up for the reigning Sultan every Friday. Besides these there are about one hundred and eighty Muslim oratories or chapels (Mesjd), to many of which schools are attached. Prayers are also frequently said at the grated windows of the little shrines or tomb-houses of celebrated welys, or saints, which are numerous in Damascus. Men of the higher classes rarely go to the mosques except on Frid ays, as they can command proper places for ceremonial ablution and prayer in their own houses but to a Muslim of the lower ranks, a large mosque which is open every day from sunrise to sunset or later, is equal a second home.3. Describe the goals of Islam. The4. Describe the view of authority in Islam.philosophy, and the arts in the Muslim world. Write a 1- to 2-paragraph response for each of the following questions. Provide examples to illustrate your thinking.1. What is the legal ideal in Islamic law? How does the Quran inform and guide Muslims in attaining this ideal?2. What is the relationship between philosophy and faith within Islam? Is it acceptable for Muslims to hold separate philosophical and theological beliefs?3. What artistic themes are regularly expressed in Islamic art and architecture? How are these themes explored? How has the Quran influenced the development of art in the Islamic world?

The Direct Bald On Record Strategy English Language Essay

The Direct Bald On Record Strategy English Language Essay check to dark-brown and Levinson(1978 74), bald on render strategy is a direct way of saying things, with prohibited any minimisation to the imposition, in a direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way, for example Do X. Brown and Levinson (1987) accept that the primary reason for bald on record usage may be generally stated as whenever the utterer wants to do FTA with supreme efficiency more than s/he wants to satisfy he arers face, even to any degree, s/he bequeath choose the bald on record strategy.thither are different kinds of bald on record usage in different circumstances. This is beca utilize the speaker provoke set out different motives for her/his wants to do the FTA with minimum efficiency. The motives slip away into two classes angiotensin-converting enzyme is where the face threat is not minimised and therefore ignored or irrelevant, and the other is where in doing the FTA baldly on record, the speaker mi nimises face threats by implication. Brown and Levinson (1978 100) give an example of bald on record strategy and say that direct imperatives are clear examples of bald on record usage. Imperatives are often softened with hedges or conventional tact markers, e.g., Please send us the polish offers. Verb do is utilize with imperatives, like in Do call us. season what BL call bald on record strategies might simply involve the Gricean maxims, courtesy strategies, in contrast, would involve violating the maxims in specific way.Positive dexterityThe overconfident politeness is usually seen in groups of friends, or where people of given social positioning know each other fairly well. It usually tries to minimize the withdrawnness between them by expressing friendliness and solid interest in the attenders deprivation to be expected (minimize FTA). Unlike negative politeness, convinced(p) politeness is not needfully re-dressive of the particular face infringed by the FTA.Accordin g to Brown and Levinson (1978 106), positive politeness is redress directed to the addressees positive face, his/her perennial desire to the his/her wants or actions acquisitions, values resulting from them -should be thought of as desirable. Furthermore, they describe that the redress consists in partially satisfying that desire that ones own wants or some of them are in some view similar to the addressees wants. BL also note that unlike negative politeness, positive politeness is not necessarily redressive of the particular face want infringe by the FTA. In other words, in positive politeness, the sphere of redress is widened to the appreciation of alters wants in general or to the expression of similarity between egos and alters wants .. . .the linguistic realizations of positive politeness are in many respects simply representative of the normal linguistic behaviour between evokes, where interest and approval of each others personality, presuppositions indicating divided want s and shared knowledge, implicit claims to reciprocity of obligations or to reflexivity of wants, etc. Are routinely exchanged. Perhaps the only feature that distinguishes positive politeness redress from normal terrene intimate language behaviour is an element of exaggeration this serves as a marker of the face-redress aspect of positive politeness expression by indicating that even S cant with total sincerity say I want your wants he can at least sincerely indicate I want your positive face to be satisfiedBrown and Levinson (1978 106)BL add the element of insincerity in exaggerated expressions of approval or interest is compensating for by the implication that the speaker sincerely wants positive face to be enhanced. This perspective of intimacy is interesting when considering articles in frugal journals between authors and audiences are not usually very intimate and if they were, intimacy would be disregard while bad scientific claims. In this sensation, it could be expected that not many strategies of positive politeness would be used or rarely used in the articles of economic journals. BL also explain that the association with intimate language usage gives the linguistic of positive politeness its redressive force. They claim that positive politeness utterances are used as kind of metaphorical indications of intimacy, to imply common ground or sharing of wants to a limited extension of intimacy, and also to imply common ground or sharing of wants to a limited extent even between strangers who perceive themselves for the purposes of the interaction as someway similar. This is true when considering economic articles in fact, sometimes authors and audiences (esoteric) have similar knowledge in general or purpose in common.BL also point out that the positive politeness techniques are usable not only for FTA redress but in general as a kind of accelerator, where S, in utilise them, indicates he wants to come closer to H or audiences. In addition, BL div ide positive politeness into three strategies, namely claiming the common ground, conveying that sender and receiving system are co-operators and fulfilling receivers want.2.3.2.3 Negative tactWhen Brown and Levinson narrow down negative politeness, they say that it is a redressive action addressed to the addressees negative face, that is the addressees wants to have freedom of action unhampered and addressees attention unimpeded. They also point out that negative politeness is the heart of respective behaviour, just as positive politeness is the kernel of familiar and jocular behaviour. Negative politeness corresponds to the rituals of avoidance. Where positive politeness is free-ranging, negative politeness is specific and focused it performs the function of minimizing the particular imposition that the FTA gives unavoidable effects. Furthermore, BL also stress the deviance among them, that negative politeness is the kind of politeness used between acquaintances whereas posit ive politeness is used between closer friends.Negative politeness is the most round and the most conventionalized set of linguistic strategies for FTA redress it fills the etiquette books although positive politeness also gets some attention. Furthermore, according to BL (1987 135), the linguistic realization of negative politeness, conventional indirectness, hedges on illocutionary force, polite pessimism, and the emphasis on hearers relative power are very familiar and need no introduction. In addition, BL say that the negative politeness outputs in all forms are used in general for social distancing. Therefore, they are likely to be used whenever a speaker or a sender wants to put a social brake on the course of interaction. There are five principal(prenominal) categories as the linguistic realization of negative politeness by BL, namely communicating senders want not to impinge the receiver, not coercing receiver, not presuming/assuming, being (conventionally in) direct and re dressing receivers wants.2.3.2.4 Off RecordBrown and Levinsons (1978216) define off record strategy as a communicative act which is done in such a way that is not possible to attribute one clear communicative intention to the act. In this case, the actor leaves her/himself an out by providing her/himself with a number of defensible interpretations. S/he cannot be held to have attached her/himself to just one particular interpretation of her/his act. In other words, BL claim, the actor leaves it up to the addressee to decide how to interpret the act.Off record utterances are essential in indirect use of language. One says something that is rather general. In this case, the hearer must counterbalance some inference to recover what was intended. For example, if somebody says It is hot in here, the unfathomed reckoning of the utterance can be a request to open the window or to switch on the air conditioner.Furthermore, BL (1978 230-232), list inviting conversational implicatures as one of the main strategies of off record-ness, and its subcategories are giving hints, giving association clues, presupposing, understating, overstating, using tautologies, using contradictions, being ironic, using metaphors, and using rhetorical question. The other main strategy of going off record is being vague or ambiguous, and its subcategories are being ambiguous, being vague, over-generalising, displacing hearer and being incomplete.Politeness In scientific articlesThis section aims to present an overview of recent trends in the research of academic writing. One particular area of on-going research is the use of politeness in scientific articles such as economic issues create verbally by economic scholars in academic journal.Myers (1989) discovers that politeness strategies are used explicitly in scientific research article, for instance, to pip claims and avoid FTAs. In his field of operation The Pragmatic of Politeness in Scientific Articles, Myers mentions that he adopt ed politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) in their book Politeness Some Universal in language Usage.Brown and Levinson (1987) have developed a theory of politeness to explain the nature of politeness phenomena in language. According to them, it is possible to define generic types of politeness strategies to explain and predict the adoption of politeness in oral or write discourse. As already mentioned in the previous explanation, this theory is based on the work of Goffmann (1967) and it states that people who want to be polite assess the degree of face threat that their discourse will cause in others.BL outline a whole hierarchy of politeness strategies and argue that cultures can be compared in terms of which categories of redress preferred. Most of the claims in the corpus of scientific articles illustrate either positive or negative politeness strategies. But there are instances that illustrate the other choices open to BLs puzzle of person doing FTA witho ut redress, baldly doing it off record indirectly and deciding not to do it at all.The Model Person also has a rational cleverness for choosing the course of action that will give the highest pay-off with the least loss of face, evaluating three variables the social distances (D) the relative difference in power between the speaker and hearer (P) and the rank of imposition (R). Myers (1989 3) in his articles still uses the Brown and Levinson model to help understand the interaction between writers and readers in written text, and particularly in scientific texts, so it meant that these three basic variables are affective to help this study understand the interactions of politeness between writers and readers in written text.In the realm of written communication, the influence of the above factors to politeness has been assessed by Chiappini and Harris 1996 Holtgraves and Yang 1990 and Pilegaard 1997. Although it has been said that specific factors like power, social distance or sta tus influence the adoption of strategies, it is difficult to give definite conclusions. But it could be said that politeness in written communication such as in economic journal, like others academic theatre of operations has been generally concluded as a strategy used to create and maintain a friendly atmosphere for relations, to close distance between speakers and hearers and to abate the impact of impositions.Greg Myers published his article The Pragmatics of Politeness in Scientific Articles in 1989. By using the model of the politeness principle, Myers (1989) pioneers the application of Brown and Levinsonss (1987) politeness strategies onto written text, and he discovers the existence of politeness in scientific articles.This study attempts to follow what Myers had done in the previous study when he explores and analyzes the research article, by choosing to study economic journals that are quite similar to the corpus in Myerss study. The reason is because an economic journal consists of interactions among economists in which the maintenance of face is crucial. We could see economists building alliances that define what knowledge is as the statement of the individual becomes a fact when it is accepted and used by consensus of the conjunction. In these interactions, certain FTAs are unavoidable and must be redressed with various politeness devices. Moreover, every economist report in the economic issues states a claim, in other words, it makes statement that is to be taken as the articles piece to knowledge. Most reports, in stating a claim, deny or supersede the claims of others.As stated earlier, this study tries to examine the politeness strategies in the economic text. Myers (1989) investigates the use of politeness in scientific text which closely related with this study. Myers (1983 3) justifies his reasons for studying politeness strategies in scientific articles. The first reason is scientific article containing the norms of scientific culture, which complicate the use of passives, nominalization, hedges, and realisation. Secondly, it is because he considers scientific writing as a hard case. If this type of writing contains politeness strategies, then their presence in other genres can be expected. The next reason is that every scientific reports states a claim, an FTA is performed. It would be interesting to see how writers of scientific writing employ politeness strategies to stake a claim. Myers (1983) also discovers that politeness strategies are used explicitly in scientific articles. Below are the strategies employed by the writers/authors commonly found in the scientific papers.2.3.3.1 Positive Politeness and SolidarityIn Brown and Levinson (1987), the hierarchy of positive politeness is directed at showing the speaker concerns with hearers concern. Similarly, Myers in his article illustrate the situationThat in scientific writing the range possible references to the readers wants is severely restricted one cann ot for instance, make any remark praising the general talents of a researcher, or remind the readers of a readers past success. But there are positive politeness devices for showing the writer acceptance of the wants of rival researcher, or of the scientific community as whole. (Myers 1989)In his article, he also points out that the researchers show their solidarity with the community by showing identification with common goals. For instance, when a researcher expresses disappointment, it does not mean that it is a display of personal feelings. Instead, it is an expression of despair for the loss of the opportunity to contribute towards the community. In another example, when an author or a researcher expresses his amusement or sheer delight, it is not a celebration of personal achievement it is meant to indicate how glad the author is that the findings fit with the larger goals of the scientific community.Myers (1989) finds that strategic use of pronoun is to stress solidarity, as imposition is made and the use of modifiers to assume common ground, the use of emotional response to indicate solidarity and such unscientific-seeming devices as joking and giving gifts, and also the use of citations are normally used to show solidarity.One way of making reprehension while minimizing the FTA is for the writers to use pronoun that include themselves in the criticism. likewise the use of we that means the writers, there is we that means the discipline as a whole. The use of the first person plural pronoun lessens the impact of the claim or criticism made (Myers 19987). When an author uses we, it shows solidarity with others, such as research partner(s) or supervisor(s)Joking would seem to be an unlikely politeness strategy in scientific text, and so there is not much room for humour in it. But jokes are useful for scientists, linguists, economists or other academic communities, in establishing a sense of shared knowledge or assumptions. This sense can emerge in t wo features of scientific articles, namely new terms and titles, and they may serve to relieve the FTA of claim. BL list the giving of gifts as one of their positive politeness strategies. The concerned device in the analysis of writing is the gift of credit, especially in the angle of inclination of citations. It may seem odd that the choice of who to cite and who not to cite could be matter of strategy. One special case of this of giving credit is the acknowledgement of simultaneous, independent claims. Historically, priority disputes have been major causes of tension within the scientific community. Furthermore, authors can show their solidarity with the community more subtly by exhibiting response that fictive shared knowledge. Myers (1989) in his paper finds an indication of emotional response to results, or desire for certain results.In scientific writing such as economic journals, a pattern of citations is used to show solidarity with the scientific community. Authors used this strategy to show the referee or the editorial board that their work is in reason with the previous studies and it is supported by these studies. Also, by citing the findings of the established members of the academic community, they hoped that their suggestions would be more convincing.Based on the explanations above, those basic concepts of the positives politeness in scientific articles have not changed much compared to the basic concepts proposed by BL, that the communication is framed so that all parties maintain a positive face. Positive politeness is an effort to make up for a threat to the desired self-image or it usually tries to minimize the distance between them by expressing friendliness and solid interest in the hearers need to be respected. Positive politeness devices are used to mitigate both claims and denials of claims.

Coca Cola New Product Analysis

Coca Cola New Product AnalysisThe Coca-Cola Companys core undertaking is to benefit and refresh everyone it affordes. Founded in 1886, we are the worlds leading manufacturer, commercializeer, and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, which are used to produce nearly 400 beverage signs that make up for our wide portfolio. Our corporate headquarters are established in Atlanta, and we are holding local operations in over 200 countries around the world. Our activities cover all sectors of the beverage industry. We are the randomness leading player in functional and Asian specialty drinks, while ranking number one in survey for the ready-to-drink tea sector (ref.1, p.1).verbal description of the new overlap, strategic role in the proximo position of the companyBubble seethe provide be a bottled beverage and will be positioned as the solely ready-to-drink Bubble tea leaf product available on the market. The beverage will have a green tea base with int ensify fruit flavors (passion fruit, strawberry and lime) as substantial as tapioca pearls. It will bring an entirely unique drinking experience to its consumers. It will present itself as a funky and unusual alternative to traditional tea while providing the great taste of authentic fruit juice in an attr dynamical and convenient packaging. The strategic role of Bubble bombilate for The Coca-Cola Company is centered around three objectivesTo stay at the forefront as the market leader in modern product penetrations and successful product launchesTo capabilityen and satisfy the needs of the more(prenominal) than adventurous Generation Y consumers with a new eye-catching and functional product.To croak the market leader in the functional drinks member with affixd market shares.INDUSTRY ANALYSISConsumption The trades volume for the functional drinks segment (ref. D2) in UK has reached $342.2 millions in 2004 for a volume of 125.9 million liters (ref.2). This product segment has shown a steady growth since 1999 an increase of 13.5% over a period of 6 years ( auxiliary A). The consumption rate per capita in 2004 has reached 3.94 liters, which represents a 4.0% increase compared to 1999 .The growth of this particular market is largely due to a slow shift in consumer trends.Trends by means of the early 1960s, velvet drinks were synonymous with colas in the mind of consumers. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, other beverages (from bottled water to tea) became more popular. Coca-Cola and Pepsi responded by expanding their offeringsthrough alliances (e.g. Coke Nestea) and acquisitions (e.g. Coke arcsecond Maid), but similarly by focusing efforts on portfolio diversification. Today, while the blue drink industrys value has increased in 2004, the volume sales of carbonated soft drinks has declined due to a large proportion of consumers who are opting for the trend towards wellnessier alternatives in the functional drink segment (energy drinks, smoothies , milk juice drinks, sports drinks) as well as bottled juices and water .Companies have been actively engaged in new product developments in order to counter the growing concerns about negative health impacts of utmost-fructose drinks, but excessively to increase the demand in a market where product offerings are quickly maturing .New flavor introductions and health-conscious formulations have been launched in an attempt to jump the decline in carbonated soft drink sales .The functional market is expected to show sustained growth and consumer interest in the future years as consumption shifts to trendier, healthier and more sophisticated products .SWOT ANALYSIS (Strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats)StrengthsBrand strengthEffective stride in new marketsResults of operationsStrong existing scattering channelWeaknesses dependent upon line extensionsReliant upon particular carbonated drinksBrand dilutionEntrance into nasty non-core categoriesSaturation of carbonate d soft drink segmentOpportunitiesNew product introductionsBrand is attractive to global partnersStrong competitionThreatsPotential health issuesFree tradeSTRENGTHSBrand strengthThe Coca-Cola Company is the largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups in the world. The Coca-Cola brand is unarguably one of the most recognizable brands in the 200 countries where it sells its products. The rugged brand name is one of the basis for the companys competitive advantage on several of its core markets.Effective strides in new marketsCoca-Cola has partnered with several companies (such as the joint take a chance with Nestl) in order to increase the ability to react to demands and changes in the markets of iced tea, coffee and juices. The developing markets are more complex than the carbonated soft drinks.Results of operationsIn 2004, net-operating revenues arriveed approximately $21.9 one thousand million, an 8% increasefrom 2002. Gross pr ofit totaled $14.3 billion in 2004. The company conveyd $5,968 million from its operating activities and re-invests heavily into its jitneyiness. The ability to generate significant cash flows is one of the its key strengths (ref.16).Strong existing distribution channelsCoca-Cola has operations worldwide and is well established in its distribution channels (such as store retailers or vending machines). Therefore, a new product launch can typically rely on the existing distribution formation in order to reach the majority of its tush market while requiring no major supply / delivery developments.WEAKNESSESRelying upon line extensionsCoca-Cola is relying on brand extensions increase sales in specific lines, particularly its long-time carbonated soft drink products (i.e. the introduction of Vanilla Coke helped maintain sales for the core Cola beverages). However, at that place is a strong risk of cannibalizing existing sales in the long term (for example, Bubble Tea might deter on sales for iced tea).Reliant upon particular carbonated drinksThe long-time presence of Coca-Colas Coke beverage has established this particular line as a flagship product. While the core Coke products bring a solid base of sales and loyalty to the company, consumers expectations also gravel more and more anchored and single-lined, taking away freedom in the areas of line diversification and product modifications (taste, packaging, price).Brand dilutionThe tremendous amount of existing brands and new product organism introduced by the company could diminish the value and differentiating strength of each product that is being manufactured.Entrance into difficult non-core categoriesThe Coca-Cola Company is a truly global multinational business giant. While some categories of products are distributed in many areas of the globe (Coke, Powerade, etc.), geographical needs already require that these global brands are heavily adapted to their target region. Furthermore, many smaller and d iversified product lines are more or less popular in one particular region over another. Therefore, the process of diversifying the production and marketing each product involves costly investments. These capital requirements typically increase as the product becomes heavily focused (for example, since the Coca-Cola brand is highly recognizable worldwide, marketing a bottle of Coke in Japan would be less difficult than marketing a bottle of Qoo in that same country Qoo being a lesser-known non-carbonated drink which was one of Coca-Colas newest brand introduction in 1999).Saturation of carbonated soft drink segmentDue to the countless number of brands available on the market, it becomes increasingly difficult in the soft drinks segment to innovate and create new products that genuinely stand out from their competition. And as we have seen, an analysis of the industry has shown that growth in the soft drinks market becomes difficult and challenging when the conditions and consumer trends cause a market demand that stays stagnant.OPPORTUNITIESNew product introductionsThe functional drinks market is one that particularly allows more innovation opportunities and gives great freedom for creativity in the design, production, manufacturing, distribution, promotion and retailing choices and processes.Brand is attractive to global partnersBecause of the companys size (including value, brand name and operating revenues) and wide portfolio base, Coca-Cola enjoys a strong purchasing power over its suppliers, and also attracts large partnerships with various levels of consumer reach (e.g. Burger King, movie studio promotions, sponsorship agreements, etc.). Existing brand sensory faculty also provides an international performing field for powerful marketing strategies.THREATSStrong competitionCoca-Cola is competing in a global market that is characterized by an oligopoly between several (but few in numbers) competitors. The pit for market shares and sales in crowded ma rkets becomes a complex one.Potential health issuesThe current trend of consumer and consumers groups awareness towards salutarys and services is both beneficial and ill for companies in the food and beverages industry. Over the last few years, concerns over health issues have risen in the media through an expanded and ever-growing network of knowledge outputs (journals, TV channels, internet and so on). The move of the younger generation towards a healthier lifestyle call for careful planning and decision-making in new product developments. self-aggrandising companies can also easily become the target of consumers apprehension.Free tradeIn an era of globalization, large international competitors can come out with proportional advantages (the constant fight to remain the first mover and market leader in a long-term spectrum). Issues arise when dealing with price competition and stinting growth. Trade organizations are also faced with public pressure which can disrupt operations in one or more areas of the company.TARGET commercializeSegment identification RTD (Ready-to-drink) bottled Bubble Tea, to be established within the Functional Drinks sectorSegment needs The product will cater to both physiologic needs (hydrating and nutritional value) and social needs (perception of a social, fun drink with a sense of belonging within peer consumer groups) (ref.11, p.127).Segment trends The current trends accommodate a shift away from junk foods and carbonated drinks, a growing interest for healthier / beneficial products for the mind and body (ref. 10), the trend towards the availability of on-the-go products for those with an active lifestyle, as well as the trend for personalization through customization (or for beverages, through diversity-seeking in a wide introduction of flavours ref.6).Segment growth potential Statistical reports foresee a segment growth of 1.72% over the next 9 years (2015) for the 10-29 years old subsets (ref.12). Refer to Appendix E .Size of the segment (population) 8,688,300 (329,600 L). Refer to Appendix E.Positioning strategy The only RTD bottled extravasate tea available. Funky eye-catching bottle, functional packaging, premium-priced, cool, new and unusual, unique drinking experience, aspects of play (tapioca pearls, oversized colored straw), variety of flavors, sweet, refreshing, for hip young people, healthier alternative to heavy-sugar drinks.The objectives of the marketing plan are strategically centered around 3 criteria to create a strong consumer awareness towards a completely new bubble tea product from Coca-Cola, to establish a wide brand recognition through the capture of market shares in the functional drinks segment, and to become the top market leader in that particular segment within the forecasted sales figures.PRODUCT STRATEGYThe coreBubble Tea beverage in a pre-bottled, ready-to-drink format.The actual productPackaging and labeling see figure belowBranding colorful, aspect of play, roun d shaped, prominent Bubble boil logo written in modern font, catchphrases such as Think outside the Bubble and Get Your Buzz.Trade name Bubble Buzz, a Coca-Cola productBrand personality energy, funky, cool, functional, original, funny, healthy, etc.Brand equity Coca-Cola provides a quality, consistent, innovative and accessible soft drink reputation.Augmented productNutritional information, post (social drink), Features promoting the website, Health benefit of a green tea base (ref.17)Marketing considerationsProduct life cycle Bubble Buzz is a low-learning product. With a strong marketing campaign, sales will begin immediately and the benefits of the purchase are readily understood (ref.11, p.301). Since Bubble Buzz is prone to product imitation, Coca-Colas strategy is to broaden distribution quickly, which is currently feasible thanks to the companys high manufacturing capacity.Product class Food beverage Soft Drinks Functional Drinks (refer to Appendix D2 for a break-down of the functional drinks market).Bubble Buzz follows the practice of product modification (ref.11, p.304) Coca-Cola is introducing an existing beverage (bubble tea) but redefines the drink with a new, more convenient package. Bubble Tea will now become a widely available drink in multiple retailing (distribution) channels.PRICE STRATEGYThe price strategy that will be undertaken should consider the pastime aspectsConsumer demandThe product lifecyclePotential substitutesCustomer demandCustomer demand is a crucial factor which is driven by tastes, income and availability of others similar products at a different price (mentioned later in the potential substitutes section). For a lot of consumers, value and price are highly related the high the price, the higher the value. Consequently, Coca-Colas intention to position Bubble Buzz as a unique, innovative and attractive product gives it a certain control over Bubble Buzz price. To be able to implement higher pricing though, the minimizati on of the non-monetary costs to customers should also be include along with awareness of the product (notably by advertising) and value (benefits) .The product lifecycleThe company should take advantage also to the fact that the newer the product and the earlier in its lifecycle the higher the price can usually be. It ensures a high profit margin as the early adopters grease ones palms the product and the firm seeks to recoup development costs quickly and it also brings a certain prestige to the product.Potential substitutesCoca-Cola is constrained by the monopolistic market in which it competes. The main characteristic however is product differentiation.Other constraints (See Appendix M)PROMOTION STRATEGYObjectivesTo grow strong awareness about the launch of Bubble Buzz throughout Generation Y (10-29 years old) consumers as well as their parents.To win market shares over our top functional drinks competitor, PepsiCo.MessageThe promotional outputs will convey the clear message tha t Bubble Buzz is a healthy drink for flashy and young people who simply enjoy taking care of their body and life.ConceptsThink outside the bubble Be Bold, Be Original, Be Different, Be Yourself.A good spirit in a good body.For the out-of-the-ordinary individuals who like to challenge themselves.Media selectionBefore choosing the appropriate medias, it is important to note that Generation Y consumers only give partial upkeep to media. However, they can be reached through integrated programs. They are typically using more than one communication media at a time a behaviour that is often called multitasking. This group of consumers doesnt give its full attention to one single message, but rather uses continuous partial attention to scan the media. Marketers can still communicate with Generation Y by using a variety of targeted promotional tools. Another important tactic to reach our target market is through Viral or Buzz marketing, which Coca-Cola will heavily use in this campaign (cam pus, contests).AdvertisingRefer to APPENDIX H for detailed explanationsOutputExamplesTelevisionMTV, Much Music, VrakTV, YTVRadioMIX96, CKOI 96.9, 94.7 FM, UniversitiesMagazinesFor girls Cosmo, ElleFor boys Sports Illustrated (or Kids edition)InternetBanners on select websites (gaming, sports, etc.)Official promotional website www.BubbleBuzz.caOutdoorsBillboards and prints in select areas includingCampuses, transportation (bus, metro, stations) touring car areas in high seasonal periodsOutskirts of key cities in geographical reachOthersNot relevantPersonal sellingDirect contact with retailers, sales turnout strategies to be explained later in the text.Public relationsStands or special displays and events in schools, malls, sports events (i.e. 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games), sponsorship activitiesPublicityConferences, press releases (print and online), buzz marketing through TV coverage processional MixConsumer orientedContests Win another Bubble Buzz flavour, Uncover a secret co de underneath the bottle cap and win sporting goods and electronics by logging on the website, Win a trip for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. (Arguments It will increase consumer purchases and encourage consumer elaboration with the product).Samples distributed in supermarkets, school/universities. Samples are a way to avoid product resistance since people are not used to find bubbles in their drinks. Arguments It will encourage new product purchases and it represents low risk for consumers since they get it for free. They have nothing to loose by trying it.Point-of-purchase in supermarkets (to reach the parents of generation Y). Arguments It is also a mean to increase product trial and provides a good product visibility.Others In subsequent years, engage in product placement in TV shows or movies.Trade orientedAllowances and discounts case allowance (Arguments The free goods approach will be used so it can encourage retailers to buy more of the product to get a certain amount for fr ee).Cooperative advertising to encourage retailers to buy our product and to maintain our high level of advert that consumers expect from Coca-Cola.Other considerationsScheduling of the advertising Pulse scheduling (promotional presence year-round, but emphasized and intensified before and during summer).IMC (integrated marketing communication)Target Audience intercessor personal selling will be more often usedUltimate consumer Coca-Cola will use more of mass media because the amount of potential buyers is large. bewilder (DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY)Bubble Buzz will be distributed through these channels supermarkets, convenience stores, independent food stores, discount stores, multiple grocers, vending machines, direct sales.China is the target country were going to expand our product.ReasonsWith a total population of 1,313,015,000 in the end of 2005 and 327,714,000 in our target market (age 10 to 25 years old), compared with the total population of Canada304,453 million, in that loca tion definitely is a great potential worth to work on.absolute expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages is expected to increase from 1,777 billion in 2005 to 2,154 billion in 2010 (though the proportion of consumer expenditure on this part is decreasing from 28.39% to 25.75% )Soft drinks industry is one of the fast growing industries in China, specially fruit/vegetable juice, RTD tea, and Asian speciality drinks and bottled water have shown a sharp increase during 1998 to 2003.Bubble tea was originated in Taiwan. Soon after its introduction in China, it became one of the most popular beverages change in tea stores on the streets due to the similar taste and similar cultural background. So, it is a good chance for us to enter into this market.Since we are the top sponsor for the upcoming Beijing Olympic in 2008. With more opportunities to expose to the public, it is going to benefit our sale there.Our entry-strategy for entering China is through licensing.ReasonsWe have alre ady provided licenses for manufacturing our products in China (licensing the bottlers and supply them with our syrup required for producing). Therefore, added in one or two more products in our production chain would not be that difficult.It is relatively low risk when compared with direct investment there. It is low cost to export our new products there since we can maintain lower labour cost and lower material cost if we produce our products locally, especially in China.Changes to be made damage Price sold in China is going to change to accommodate the local desire. As we set our price sold in Canada $2.00. Compared to the price sold in the bubble tea store ($ 3.50), it is about 57.14%. So, with the information we gathered from the tea store in China1, the price sold there would be 57.14% of what sold in the tea store$12 Yuen in China currency. Then, it would be around $7 Yuen, about CAD$12.Naming the product In order to be recognized and accepted more easily for the local market, we need not only translate our product name but also make sure theres not hidden unintended meaning that would damage our product.Develop other flavours that would attract the local market Since milk based bubble tea sell better in China, we will add in this product line. Also, we will avoid using too many artificial modify as they are not appreciated as much as in Canada. Moreover, people in China are becoming more and more health concerned, especially the amount of sugar and additives added in the drinks. We will make some changes in the ingredients used to appeal the local market, i.e. less sugary drinks.Promotion In contrast to the radio ads in Canada, we will use more TV and Web advertisement there due to the highly exposed purlieu in China. Also, we will put more emphasis on the ads on the public transportation such as underground/subway system and bus service due to the more frequent use of the public transport service there. Also, since the outdoor display screen is quite popular in ample cities, we will also take advantage of it

Corporate Governance In Coca Cola Corporation Commerce Essay

Corporate cheek In Coca Cola Corporation Commerce EssayThe Coca-Cola Corporation is dedicated to reverberation ideology of communal authority. The be on is designated by the sh beowners to supervise their concentration in the enduring strength and the largely accomplishment of the vocation and its economic power. The Board grants as the eventual resolution create body of the concern, excluding for individuals matters retained to or inversely shared with the shareowners. The Board elects and administers the associates of superior organization, who are charged by the Board with accomplish the production of the corporation.The Corporate Governance strategy, all along with the contracts of the all of the Board commission and the solution preparation of the Board afford the structure for communal supremacy at The Coca-Cola bon ton. morality accordThe core of the ideology and runance program at The Coca-Cola concern is our signs of Business behaviour. The system conducts the fea r behaviour involves integrity and reliability in all substances. all in all of the executives and administrators are essential to take in and realize the system and pursue its instructions in the administrative centre and generously proportioned society.The policy is managed by the companys Ethics respectfulness commission. This cross-functional superior administration group supervises the entire principles and acquiescence programs and resolves system infringements and regulation. Our Ethics Compliance workplace has functioning liability for edification, discussion, examining and estimation associated to the Code of industry perform and compliance concerns. Relates internationally obtain a assortment of moral code and compliance instruction options controlled by the Ethics Compliance Office. The company frequently filmdom and review the handicraft to certify compliance with the system and the act. Coca-cola also indorses a constant rest of best-in-class values approximate ly the world that administrate how the company examine and hold Code concerns. In 2008, it modifies the Code to promote progress its efficiency.More than 20,000 contacts concluded more than 30,000 personally and web- ground Ethics and Compliance guidance conference from frightful 2007 in the track of June 2008. All correlates will obtain in-person Code of company performs guidance in 2008. The company has skilled the contacts Code of dealing accomplish, European Union rivalry law, Latin American opposition law, economic reliability, logical possessions and spirited intellects, drug-free agency and avoids agency hostility.In 2006, company revolved stunned a simplified universal anti-bribery conformity program with partisan strategies, training and reviews. In accumulation, it extended the compliance program in the region of join convey operates approved with opinionated policies, instruction and audits.Coca-cola associates, bottling colleagues, providers, regulars and customers c an ask enquiries rough the Code and former ethics and compliance subjects, or statement probable breach, through Ethics procession, a universal Web and telephone reports and exposure service. Phone calls are toll-free, and Ethics Line is accessible 24 hours a day, seven days a week, with obtainable translators.Corporate Social ResponsibilityCoca-cola Greece was lately documented for its commercial collective responsibility attempts with 3 honours at the esteemed CSR distinction Awards prescribed procedure. The CSR superiority Awards identify accomplishment transversely all industries, not only food and beverage, and are honoured by a commission includes of convincing stakeholders, such as nongovernment associations and administration representatives. The appreciation of quality in 3 sorts exhibits the obsession of the coca-cola Company has for carrying the promises of subsist confidently stage to life at job and in the society. never-ending Achievement AwardHuman Resources AwardEn vironment AwardVision 2020The humankind is vary all around us. To prolong to succeed as a business for the next 10 years and beyond, we need to be enquired to stare forward, identify with the tendency and services that will figure forbidden the business in the prospect and progress quickly to organize for whats to come. We save to get prepared for tomorrow today. Thats what the 2020 Vision is all regarding. It produces a lasting intention for the production and supplies coca-cola with a Route map for captivating mutually with the bottling partners.Coca-cola MissionCoca-colas Roadmap commences by means of the mission, which is durable. It proclaims the reason as a corporation and provides as the criterion equalize which the company consider the performance and resolutions.To energize the worldTo encourage moments of confidence and pleasureTo generate assessment and compose a diversity.Coca-cola visionThe Companys vision is to provide the structure for the Roadmap and conducts ea ch and every feature of the trade by explaining what the company require to accomplish in order to prolong attaining sustainable, superiority development.People Be an enormous circumstance to do job where persons are enthused to be the best they can be.Portfolio convey to the world a portfolio of excellence drink brands that predict and dispose peoples requirements and desires.Partners cultivate a charming system of consumers and suppliers collectively they produce common, lasting value.Planet Be a conscientious national that makes a distinction by serving construct and of importtain sustainable communities.Profit exploit long-standing arrival to shareowners while being attentive of its all responsibilities.Productivity Be an exceedingly efficient, angle of dip and fast-moving organization. depute 2Management of Financial insecurityAccording to annual report, its clearly evident that, certain fiscal trys face by Coca-Cola Hellenic choke from unfavourable variations foreign Ex change rates, in following rates, product prices and other market risk of exposures. Company Board of Directors has accepted the Treasury Policy and graph of Authority, which mutually afford the organized framework designed for every treasury and treasury associated transactions.Currency RiskGiven the Groups functioning performance, they are presenting to a major bill of foreign notes risk. Coca-colas foreign capital disclosure comes up from disagreeable transforms in trade rates with the euro, the US dollar and the exchanges within its non-euro Kingdoms. Operation establishments produce mostly from the materials growd in exchanges such as the US dollar or euro which can guide to maximum cost of trade in the functional currency of the country.Conversion establishments occur as several(prenominal) of its processing includes efficient currencies other than euro, and any change in the functional currency against the euro impacts our consolidated income statement and isotropy s heet when results are converted into euro.Coca-cola treasury plan involves the prevarication of progressing Twelve month estimated operational outcomes contained by the distinct least (25%) and maximum (80%) exposure stages. Prevaricating extraneous from a Twelve month span may arise, theme to convinced greatest coverage levels, granted the estimated transactions are extremely credible. Where available, we use derived financial instruments to reduce our net disclosure to currency changeability. These conventions generally established in one year.Interest RiskThe Team represents to market risk occurring from varying interest rates, first and foremost in the euro zone. Intermittently they estimate the required combination of fixed and floating rate responsibility and adapt the interest expenses based on the required combination of debt. They cope up the interest rate expenditure by means of an arrangement of permanent and floating rate debt, interest rate switch and choice cap agree ments. Though they have denial place of target for the assortment of set to floating rate liabilities, traditionally they have been extra showing to floating rates as this has be inclined to act as a expected evade against on the whole business risk.Credit RiskCredit risk is inhibited by a provisional procedure as to the option of probable oppose parties for treasury dealings. The Companys deferred payment risk is handled by launching a permitted opponent party and country confines, detailing the highest experience that they organized to exact with deference to individual counterparties or countries. The restrictions are reconsidered and observed on an expected basis.Liquidity RiskThe common strategy is to chief(prenominal)tain a least quantity of liquidity engages in the structure of currency on the balance sheet when sustaining the stability of our liquidity engages in the variety of idle dedicated amenities, to make sure that the Company contain cost- marrowive admit to enough economic assets to convene the financial support desires. These embrace the routine backing of all its process in addition as the funding of the resource disbursement program. In order to alleviate the opportunity of liquidity limitations, Company make an effort to sustain a least of 250 million of fiscal headroom. monetary headroom refers to the sur accession engaged funding obtainable, later than considering cash flows from functioning performance, dividends, acquisitions, tax expense, interest expense and capital expenditure requirements. Risk Map10High 9 Quadrant II (Detect monitor) Quadrant I (Prevent at Sources)8Significance 76Low 5 Quadrant IV (Low Control) Quadrant III (Monitor)43211 2 3 4 5Low Likelihood HighThe risk map positions every risk in the next four QuadrantsPrevent at source riskRisks in this Quadrant are categorized as prime Risks and are rated High precedence. They are crucial risks that intimidate the accomplishment of concern purposes. These risks are mutu ally considerable in significance and probable to arise. They should be condensed or removed with defensive reins and essential be organize assessment and testing.Detect and Monitor RisksRisks in the quadrant are momentous, entirely they are less possible to arise. To make certain that the risks stay little probability and are administered by the concern suitably, they require observing on a revolving base. Detective powers must be positioned into a place to make sure that these high consequence risks will be identified ahead of they crop up. These risks are second main concern behind prime risks.Monitor RisksRisks in the quadrant are not very important, but contain a superior possibility of happening. These risks should be watched properly to certify that they are being properly supervised and that their implication has not distorted due to varying business circumstances.Low Control RisksRisks in this quadrant are equally improbable to take place and not considerable. They invol ve least observing and supervise if not consequent risk category.Task 3a)Risk FactorsIn Further the consequent issues, which may extensively influence the trade, financial circumstance or results of operations in future periods? The risks explained below are not the single risks facing Coca-Cola Company. Further risks not currently recognized by company or that they presently consider being improper also may effectively unfavourably affect the business, economic condition or result of operations in future periods.Current risk faced by Coca-colaHealth Concerned RiskCustomers, communal physical condition officials and government officials are appropriately change magnitude concerned about the public fitness consequences connected with stoutness, mainly between adolescent populace. And also, few researchers, fitness supporters and nutritional procedures are cheering customers to decrease expenditure of sugar-sweetened drinks, together with those sugared with HFCS or other nutritive sweeteners. Rising community anxiety concerning these matters probable new dues and law-making system concerns the advertising, labelling or accessibility of the drinks and harmful promotion consequential from definite or peril authorized performance in opposition to the coca-cola or other companies in its manufacture relating to the advertising, labelling or deal of sugar-sweetened drinks might decrease requirement for companys beverages, which may perchance influence its profitability.Environmental RiskH2o ( piss) is the major element in significantly all of the coca-cola products. It is also a partial source in several parts of the world, facing supreme disputes from over utilization, mounting contamination, broken administration and weather change. As requirement for water prolongs to enhance all-around the world, and as water becomes scarcer and the superiority of obtainable water deteriorates, Companys classification might obtain increasing production costs or face potentia l boundaries which could destructively change the productiveness or net purposeful returns in the extended run.Business financial riskThe non-alcoholic beverages business surroundings is hastily developing as a effect of, among other things, changes in customers inclinations, together with altered based on health and nutrition concerned and obesity anxieties variable consumer tastes and needs changes in customers standard of life-time and spirited product and pricing demands. As well, their manufacturing is being affected by the trend toward consolidation in the market conduit, especially in Europe and the United States. If they are unable to successfully adapt to this rapidly changing environment, the companys share of gross sales, capacity growth and overall economic grades could be depressingly affected.Risk factors which the Company may face in futureTechnological RiskCoca-cola relies on data based knowledge system and schemes, include the Internet, to progression, broadcast and shop electronic information. Especially, Coca-cola depends on its information technology communications for digital advertising performance and electronic infrastructure in its areas approximately the world and between Company military unit and our bottlers and other customers and suppliers. Defence violation of this infrastructure can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized disclosure of classified information. If they are not capable to preserve such breaches, Companys operations could be interrupting, or they might undergo economical damage or loss because of lost or misappropriated information.Climate riskThe sales of the products are inclined to several extents by climate circumstances in the markets in which they function. Strangely wintry or rainy weather conditions at some point in the summer months could have a provisional consequence on the insist for all its products and contribute to lower sales, which could have an unbecoming effect on our results of operations for such periods)Risk analysis management techniquesRisk management frequently concentrates on matters of indemnity. Conversely, there are number of move on main considerations when evaluating areas of risk into a big business initially they require equally reliability and the infrastructural proficiency to make the progression. Secondly, they should entirely recognize their association, and its progressions and objectives. And thirdly, they must be consisting of support and hold up from the association and the administrative team.Coca-cola Amatol (CCA) comes under the category of being risk conscious, but not obsessed by dictatorial condition. CCA is increasing its risk management representation to manage enterprise-wide and supply to the eventual productivity of the business. This result will be achieved not only by sustaining sound business decisions but also all the way through configuration of the organizations strategies with its shareholders and investors aspir ation to make sure that efficient business authority is in place.CCA, inside the broader coca-cola structure, is on an ERM expedition. They are determined to take out the conventional split and soloed approach that regularly exists in organizations and they are responsibility so by taking an laudation and possession of the risk management process.At CCA they know the significance of the essential values of the ERM process. They are a dedication to the journey an reasonable framework that embraces a general language a uniform approach to- no matter the nature of the business unit or its objectives a statement form that identifies stakeholders, corresponds the crinkle and objectives and drives literary modification and ensuring advice of the outcome through an elimination of black holes or silos.Risk Management PlanThere are four stages to risk management planning. They are Risk recognitionRisks QuantificationRisk reactionRisk Monitoring and ControlTypesThere are several definite ri sk management techniques as there are sort of industry, but once a risk has been recognized and considered, largely efforts at justifying the risk fall into four essential sort out in spite of the framework. The initial, prevention, can be as easy as not committing in activity that manufactures the risk, but this not only eradicates risk but potential benefits as well. Risk reduction through concrete steps is far more general, and the particulars will be associated to the type of business and risk involved. Risk transference is also highly advantageous as when an accessible choice it involves outsourcing the difficulty to an additional article such as in the course of acquire of insurance. Ultimately, risk preservation is predictable in a few cases where the risks are either improbable, or the costs of explanatory or transferring the risk are excessive.C) communication with stake holdersMany of coca-cola stakeholders consist of all those who are generally influenced by or who most influenced the means the company run the big business. This includes customers, consumers, contractors, and workers, Government supervisors, NGOs plus the confined communities in which the company operates.Coca-cola regularly connect with its major stakeholders as exposed in DiagramIn addition, they conceded a detailed investigation in March 2007 to classify the most important areas of concern for its stakeholders. This implicated a succession of focal point groups with customers aged 18 and over and with workforce of twain CCE and CCGB. It also incorporated the interviews with consumers, non-governmental organisations and the media.The study exposed a strong agreement of estimation between the diverse stakeholder groups and provided an obvious graph of the areas of liability they most require to concentrate on all these areas.Coca-cola stakeholder study has also helped out to refine its prospect strategy on communal and ecological issues. On every differentiate subject it conta ins Next Step the act which has to be taken in the following year to certify that the business persists to make an optimistic impact.Consumer CommunicationOn June 11 2010 Coca-cola has published that the Coca-cola Poland has completed a foremost move a head forward in how it instructs customers regarding recycling, by integrating its Recover-Recycle activity into every main coca-cola labelled or supported huge events this year.A vast My Coke sampling program, which happened between April and September 2010, is one of the key promoting performances where coca-cola Poland will report to customers about the profit of recycling through Recover-Recycle.ConclusionThere is no doubt that the Coca Cola is the second largest beverages company in the world. However, it should work on preceding(prenominal) mentioned deficiencies to overcome them and strive to make its competitors lagged behind. The Company coca-cola have a corporate (Head Office) section that is liable for giving the Company a largely course and provided that sustain to the provincial formation. Means considered choice at the Coca-Cola Corporation are completed by a managerial Committee of 12 concerned Officers. This commission aid to form the six strategic priorities set out in previous. The financial resources allocation for the Vision 2020 had been discussed under the six Ps as laid out by the company. International through to grass-roots and the community, Coca-Cola has strengthened its position as a football insider and this helps to build the brand and corporate reputation of Coca-Cola. Last year, Coca-cola saw its sales decreased in UK market. In order to re create the sales, Coca-cola to define new communication plan such as Recover-Recycle activity.

Realism Term Paper -- Political Science

Realism by definition is an approach to global politics derived from the tradition of power politics and belief that behavior is determined by the lookup for and distribution of power. 5 By using the concept of power it is easy to discuss basics of realism. Realist theories are based of beliefs that conjure ups are motivated by aggressive or defensive urges, the national interest is survival and states are unitary actors each moving towards their own national interest.4 The first key feature of realism is statism. Statism is an radical that the state is an accurate representative of the will of its people.4 The state is sovereign and therefore is able to govern itself as it wants. With this sovereignty that state is able to institute security. later a state has established security it is then able to continue with a communal culture. In international relationships however sovereignty does not come forth security therefore a state must vie with its neighboring states to accompli sh it. This can lead to a power struggle to ensure that states people can live in security.5 A second key point of realism is survival. Survival to realists is rather simple the state with the around power stands a better likelihood of survival. Naturally it is believed that survival is the definitive objective of realism. To guarantee survival a state may stray from their see of ethics because it cannot worry about moral issues. If state were to hold onto its set of beliefs, it may suffer at the expense of a more powerful state. In realism cases there are two conflicting segments, defensive and offensive realists.5 A state with a defensive realist perspective believes they must obtain sufficient power to ensure security, but not so much power that their security... ... event.Works Cited1.http//www.orsam.org.tr/tr/trUploads/Yazilar/Dosyalar/201229_ortadoguetutler_volume3_no2.pdfpage=11). Ozlem TUR. January 2012. ORSAM. 13 Apr. 20122.(http//www.laidi.com/sitedp/sites/default/file s/The%20Arab%20Counterrevolution_0.pdf). Hussein Agha and Robert Malley. September 29 2011. The sweet York Review of Books. 13 Apr. 20123.(http//www.pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/POMEPS_BriefBooklet4_Syria-TEXT_WEB-1.pdf) Mona Yacoubian and Radwan Ziadeh. 4 May 2011 Project on Middle East Political Science. 13 Apr. 20124.Tim Dunne and Brian C. Schmidt, Realism, in John Baylis and Steve Smith, The Globalization of Politics An macrocosm to International Relations, 3rd ed. (Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 162-183.5.Mansbach, Richard and Kirsten Taylor, Introduction to Global Politics. New York Routledge. 2008 Print

Cognitive Psych Review :: essays research papers

THE BASICS 1. The role of computation in cognition 2. Marrs levels (barn owl experiment)1.     Computational theory What is the goal of the computation, why is it appropriate, and what is the logic of the strategy by which it layabout be carried out? 2.     Representation and algorithm How can this computational theory be implemented? In particular, what is the representation for the input and output, and what is the algorithm for the transformation? 3.     computer hardware implementation How can the representation and algorithm be realized physically? 3. The brain as a multidimensional space 4. Awareness and consciousness (Chapter 2) detection 5. Generalization (Shepards Law states that the further away in psych. Space, the less of a chance of generalization).6. Categorization categorization recognize objects as belonging to the homogeneous category, without losing information about their differences.categorical percept ion as distortion of the representation spacesigmoidal curve7. Statistical nature of cognition (Mathematical averages of beauty)8. Adaptation (page 77) interlingual rendition compensates for the statistical regularities of the worldMEMORY 9. Cognitive maps 10. STM and LTM 11. Meta-memory 12. Schemata LANGUAGE 13. Speech 14. Sentence processing (p. 301-303)15. Semantic holism Instead, they have meanings only when they assist out with other sentences. Statements about the external world face the tribunal of experience not individually but only as a integrated body." 16. Acquisition the transitional probability from one sound to next leave be highest when the two sounds follow one another within a word, whereas transitional probabilities spanning a word boundary will be relatively low.THINKING 17. The frame problem This presented the "frame problem" how to design a system that could, unconnected poor C3, infer the persistence of nonchanges, but that could do so automati cally that is, without explicitly storing or accessing frame axioms for them.18. Modes of reasoning deduction, induction, abduction Inductive reasoning performance will be better when the subjects are asked to judge a frequency instead of the probability of a single event.19. Impediments to reason (conjunction fallacies bank teller problem, overconfidence)intuition pumps, 20. Creativity (preparation, incubation, insight, evaluation, elaboration). provision - It is almost impossible to have a good new idea without having first been immersed in a particular symbolic system or domain. fictive inventors know the ins and outs of their branch of technology, artists are familiar with the work of previous artists, scientists have learned whatever there is to know about their specialty. One must alike feel a certain unease about the state of the art in ones domain.