Human Resource Management in Brunei Essay

Rousseau (1990) defines culture as a set of common values and understandings obtained through socialization (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, & Wright, 2008). As such, the Islamic laws define the fundamental customs and lifestyle of Bruneians. Nevertheless, culture is an elusive behavior, which can be refined and redefined as the macro-environment changes. We explore how attitudes and perspective can be changed, in order to better adapt to technologies through laws and policies, without contradicting the essentials of Islamic culture thus improving their economy. The General Order in Brunei provides employees with high social security and benefits; they are entitled to ‘lifetime employment’ (Dore, 1973). Thus leading to insufficient supply of jobs for the younger generation who makes up the largest percentage of the unemployment rate. Additionally, paternalism is evident in Brunei; superiors act as a father figure in the organization and employees show utmost respect for their managers. Thus illustrating the relationship between cultural influences and organizational behavior. Foreign investments and tourism in Brunei have been severely impeded due to their inflexible Islamic culture, hence affecting Brunei’s integration with the world. According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Pakistan, the importance of ‘liberation of visa regulations’ will ‘boost tourism and trade opportunities’ (Ying Chua, 2010). However in Brunei, regulations on foreign investments must comply with the standard of their Islamic laws, which hinder growth. Thus, exemplifying that culture affects its economy as it set the boundary of Brunei’s business environment. It is difficult for Brunei to fully integrate their economy with western countries due to very differing culture. Nonetheless, she can aim to be the capital for the Islamic world. For example, it can be the financial capital for the Middle Eastern countries, or even the world main supplier for Halal food in the world. This acts as a double-edge sword for Brunei because Brunei will not compromise their rich culture for economical gains. However before attaining such standards, Brunei has to examine their technological infrastructure and whether Bruneians are ready to adapt themselves for changes. Bruneians pride themselves on their rich Islamic culture hence they are less receptive to changes that appear to be in conflict. The sultanate laws never inculcated the use of technology until the mid 21st century, the government through its education system (Ganske & Hamidon, 2006). However the older generation, which the workforce mainly consists, is less responsive to such drastic changes. Firstly, it is against their culture to voice differing viewpoints to their superiors as it is considered disrespectful therefore, severely curtailing their initiative thus breeding complacency and conformity. Secondly, the lack of formalization (Chan, Foo, Nelson, Timbrell, & Othman, 2010) contradicted the implementation of new technologies; ‘the announcement to embark on e-government (a B$1 billion project) was made in 2000 but it was not until 2003 that the actual planning started (Kifle & Cheng, 2009)’, this 3 years gap have left many Bruneians confused about the process and pro gress. Language is part of a country’s culture. (Bakar, 2008). Therefore any language differences, will significantly hinder Bruneians’ adaptation to technology. Brunei’s national language is Malay while new technologies developed are instructed in English. This sudden change in the use language has adversely impeded on their adaptation. Nevertheless, this is only applicable to the older generation as Brunei government has enforced bilingualism in their current education system. A shift in their language culture from solely Malay to bilingualism will enhance their adaptation to new technology hence fulfilling Brunei’s vision of becoming an e-government whereby all traditional manual paperwork are electronically done. It is indisputable that Brunei will always be ruled by a strict set of Islamic laws, which forms the core principle of the country. Nonetheless, the problems faced by Brunei can be corrected through prudent laws and policies that can be inculcated as part of their culture. Culture shapes the fundamental of the legal and political system in Brunei. The Sultanate laws favour the Brunei Malays because of their shared values and customs while indigenous minorities are viewed inferior (Braighlinn, 1992). This partial treatment could potentially jeopardies Brunei’s economy by distancing relationships with developed countries because of very differing culture and customs and these developed countries have valuable resources, which Bruneians can acquire from. For example, skilled professionals from other countries will be hesitant to enter Brunei’s workforce because they have slower social advancement and benefits. This can be improved on without changing the core principles of Islamism. Furthermore, it is because of their traditional principle of ‘strict essence of conformity and consensus’ (Kramar & Syed, 2012) that has tremendously thwarted their country’s global integration. Brunei’s doctrine, ‘does not allow organization or individual to challenge the government and its policies’, has adversely stunts employees’ initiative. The Majesty criticized their work indifference, working ‘just like a robot with no direction, initiative or common sense’ (Low, Zain, & Ang, 2012). Such inflexible and flaccid work-attitude, would only curtail individual’s motivation at work and more drastically, leading to colossal losses to the organization. To a great extent culture sets the tone of how a country should be governed by defining the boundaries of their operations. However, we can no longer say that a country’s culture is a separate entity from its political system or from its economy or even their adaptation to technology. Culture orientates the parameters of one’s laws and policies, which in turn affects the growth of its economy. Likewise, a technologically cultured country brought about through good policies, could bring about many benefits to its economy. All these factors are intertwined and together they work as a whole system as to how a country, whether private or public companies, should be run. However there are certain strategies which the government can undertake to help individual adapt to the technology. The Government Employee Management System (GEMS) is a project, which aims in achieving an interactive and integrated public service. (Brunei Government Prime Minister’s Office 2010) Human Resource Management (HRM) consists of 2 main functions; the process of managing people in the organization in a structured and thorough manner, e.g. hiring people and retention of people. Secondly, the management of people within an organization e.g. managing relationship between management and employees. Critically, HRM requires the use of technology-based platforms to ensure efficiency and high-productivity of an organization. Thus, the importance of implementing GEMS and ensuring success to facilitate HRM better. Introduction of the use of technical system for HRM Government Employee Management System (GEMS) is a web-based system that enables, â€Å"efficient data input and greater transparency, which allows better management of HRM practices such as recruitment, compensation and benefit.† (Brunei Government Prime Minister’s Office 2010) To achieve greater effectiveness, GEMS will automate a significant number of tasks that were previously done manually. Employees’ information will now be kept in a database accessible to all departments, and it will be easily attainable. It would fasten decision-making because information would be readily available whenever required. Responses of Advancement of technology in HRM However, GEMS was not well received by employees. The Majority of the population belongs to the Malay community, thus finding it difficult to adapt to the English web-based system. Strategies that involve Human Resource enable individual employees to adjust themselves to technological changes Re-training of Employees GEMS was found as a complex system, training is thus, crucial to assist staff and officers to adapt and operate GEMS effectively. Training will greatly assist employees to better manage GEMS, as employees would be able to constructively operate the new system independently. Further mentoring is needed to ensure employees have fully comprehended the use of the system. At the same time creating a sense of achievement and often boost employee’s morale. However, there are several disadvantages and cost to re-train employees. Firstly, the large amount of people in an organization makes it difficult to schedule trainings (N Nayab 2010). Secondly, training requires a lot of time and ample resources, which could be economically disadvantageous in the short run. Hence, organization should thoroughly consider the pro et contra before sending employees for re-trainings. Motivating of employees Another key approach to assist staff and officers to adapt effectively to such changes is through motivation. Rewarding Employees A reward system can be created to encourage the use of technology. A good strategy to ensure adaptation for employees would be the use of monetary benefits. For example, HRM could implement an incentive plan by recognizing its employees for its efforts to adapt and use new technologies. It aims to acknowledge good performance and address the gap between the organization goals set for employees and the final outcomes. Increase job satisfaction of employee The more contented an employee is with its job, the higher possibility an employee would be adaptive to changes. (Richard W. Scholl 2003) Employers can consider satisfying employees’ job satisfaction, such as pay, working hours and job security. With job satisfaction, employees would be more adaptive to changes and the willingness to ensure effective operation of GEMS, which in result beneficial to the company in the long run. However, motivation is subjective. While it can empower employees and employers, its effect may be short term. Therefore, effort must be made consistently, for it will not be able to fulfil its long term effect of adaptation towards new organization goals. Strategies by Singapore Government A country’s adaptation towards technology is nurtured over time, and Singapore is a good example for Brunei to help individual adapt to technology. Singapore encourages technology development in its bid to become the next Silicon Valley (Gregory Gromov 1986). Singapore Government has created schemes and funding, which include cash grants, tax incentives and debt financing (AsianOne 2009). Brunei Government could also implement special schemes and grants dedicated to attract setup and ensure success, encouraging entry of foreign technology investors. This will subsequently, benefit Brunei as it helps risk reduction, in terms of investment in the long run. To further encourage the development of new innovations, SPRING Singapore has a special Technology Innovation Programme (TIP) for those who are able to develop new inventions or improve existing ones (SPRING Singapore 2012). Such programs and campaigns could be implemented in Brunei, encouraging Brunei to be exposed to the latest technology available, resulting in the increase of tech savvy consumers over the years. The above are just some strategies, which Brunei can adopt to help individual adapt to technological changes. There are many other strategies and prudent policies which Brunei can mirror, modeled by the western countries without compromising its core principle of Islamism. HRM is not culturally neutral. The nature of the scope is linked with local institutions, labour laws, corporate strategies and industrial relations vary greatly across national borders. Social Rights Bruneian adheres to the MIB ideology, a set of guiding values with the incorporation of the importance of Islam as a religion. This strict rule over the country means there are limitations to the freedom of speech, freedom of associations and collective bargaining (Kramar & Syed, 2012). However, despite the strict conformity, the government has adopted flexible and family-friendly policies (Kramar & Syed, 2012). For instance, General Order states that one should work no more than 8 hours and there are flexibilities when family responsibilities arise. America offers a much higher degree of freedom to its people. In the case of her stipulated law, â€Å"employees shall have the right to organize and to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and shall be free from the interference, restraint, or coercion of employers†¦. in the designation of such representatives.† (Stough, 1933). This leads to the formation of Labour Unions, which give the workers’ rights to negotiate terms with the management. The political system of the two countries sets them apart. In Brunei, HRM has to adhere to the country’s strict conformity, affecting multiple HRM issues such as appointments, discipline, work etiquette and appointments. Its people have little or no say over what is decided for them, unlike America. This social rights has seen the formation of Labour unions; an idea in which the government of Brunei will never tolerate. Sociocultural Individualism vs. Collectivism Brunei is more of a collectivist – the working environment culture is such that the people who work together are closely knitted, like a big family (Salleh & Clarke). Supervisors and officers are treated with respect like that of a parent (Kramar & Syed, 2012). Employees have no qualms sharing any problems and issues with their managers. Such informal relationship leads to total loyalty to their group; it gives the workers the sense of belonging and security. America, on the other hand, is represented by individualism (Gorrill, 2007). The need to develop personal relationships is less significant in comparison to Brunei. Individual performances are, instead, highly valued in American culture; managers are only approached for help in essential situations (Gorrill, 2007). The American corporations subscribe to formal corporate planning procedures and are generally viewed as unconcerned with promoting long-term loyalty to the organisation (Beechler, Najjar, Stucker, & Bird, 1996). Thus, a highly competitive work ethic is cultivated, leading to less job security Low vs. High Power Distance With a hierarchical relationship in place, Brunei is thought to possess a high power distance. However, it is not the case. The nurturance and care provided to the subordinates by their superiors imply that a paternalistic relationship is present (Aycan, et al., 2001). In return, the subordinate are loyal to their superior. The relationship positively impacts on the employee participation rates in decision making and problem solving. Evidently, it lowers the power distance between managers and their subordinates. Western cultures are, more than often, represented with a low power distance, thus a certain degree of informality is present. However, in America, an authoritative and organisational hierarchy is very much accepted and entrenched in its business culture (Dana, 2010). In other words, decisions are made from the top. The hierarchical chain of command often supersedes personal relationship and clear distinctions are made between work colleagues and friends (Gorrill, 2007). These leads to a significant power distance between managers and employees. Economy The economic context of a country is hardly predictable and stable, but it is most likely to have long-term consequences for HRM (Kramar & Syed, 2012). The supply and demand of labour forces vary accordingly to the country’s unemployment level. Supply and demand of labour force The benefits offered by the Brunei’s public sector, coupled with the family-style work culture, create a stable and secured work environment. As such, a job position will, almost, only be available when someone retires or resigns (Kramar & Syed, 2012). This brings about minimal turnover and thus, leads to an oversupply of labour force. America also faces unemployment issues but however, causes and implications are different and unlike Brunei, the issue is not a long term one. In the States, companies are unconcerned with long time loyalty and retrenchment may occur due to poor performances, intensifying job competition (Gorrill, 2007). Despite facing similar unemployment problems, HRM from the two countries has to tackle the problem very differently. When 1,000 applicants apply for a job with only 4 vacancies, HRM in Brunei has to ensure the right people are hired for the jobs (Kramar & Syed, 2012). (Salleh & Clarke)While in America, HRM faces the challenges of recruiting people for jobs because intense job competitions bring about a lack of job security. Bibliography AsianOne (2009), Singapore Press Holdings Ltd., Singaporeans second most tech savvy in the world, viewed 15 February 2013 . Aycan, Z., Kanungo, R. N., Mendonca, M., Yu, K., Deller, J., Stahl, G., et al. (2001). Impact on Culture on Human Resource Management Practices: A 10-Country Comparison. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Beechler, S., Najjar, M., Stucker, K., & Bird, A. (1996). Japanese-style versus American-style Human Resource Management Overseas: Examining Whether the Data Support the â€Å"Facts†. New York: Columbia University. Black, A. (2008). Ideology and law: the impact of the MIB ideology on law and dispute resolution in the sultanate of Brunei Darussalam. Asian Journal of Comparative Law. Braighlinn, G. (1992). Ideological Innovation under Monarchy: Aspects of Legitimation Activity in Contemporary Brunei: Aspects of Legitimation Activity in Contemporary Brunei. The Netherlands: VU University Press. Brunei Government Prime Minister’s Office (2010), GEMS Background, viewed 15 February2013, . Bujang, A. G. (1987). Education for Nationhood. Southeast Asian J. of Education Studies . Dana. (2010). Downside of a low power-distance culture. Chicago: Investoralist. Gregory Gromov (1986), Silicon Valley History, viewed 15 February 2013, . (Gregory Gromov 1986) Gorrill, J. R. (2007). Doing Business in the United States of America / US Social and Business Culture. London: Communicaid. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequence: International Difference in Work Related Values. California: SAGE Publications Inc. Kramar, R., & Syed, J. (2012). Human Resource Managment in a Global Context. U.S: Palgave Macmillan. Kon, J. (2013, January 24). Over $1B spent in first year of 10th NDP. Retrieved February 5, 2013, from Borneo Bulletin: http://borneobulletin.com.bn/index.php/2013/01/24/over-1b-spent-in-first-year-of-10th-ndp/ Kramar, R., & Syed, J. (2012). HRM in Brunei’s public sector. In R. Kramar, & J. Syed, Human Resource management in a global context (pp. 27-30). New York: Palgrave Macmilan. Low, P. K., Zain, A. Y., & Ang, S.-L. (2012). The key principles of managing people: The Brunei perspective. interesjournal , 3, 594-602. N Nayab (2010), Pros & Cons of Company-Paid Employee Training, viewed 15 February 2013, Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B. A., & Wright, P. M. (2008). Human Resource Management; Gaining a competitive advantage. New York: McGraw Hill. Richard W. Scholl (2003), Job Satisfaction, viewed 15 February 2013, . Ronald Phillip Dore, 1973, ‘British factory-Japanese Factory: The Origins of National Diversity of Industrial Relations.’, Chapter 10, pg 264 Salleh, N. M., & Clarke, N. Emotions and their management during a merger in Brunei: The Impact of National Culture. Gadong; Southhampton: Institut Teknologi Brunei; University of Southhampton. SPRING Singapore (2012), Technology Innovation Programme (TIP), viewed 15 February 2013, (SPRING Singapore 2012). Stough, D. (1933). Trade unionism under the recovery program. Washington, DC: DC: CQ Press. 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Communication Accommodation Theory

Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) states that people adjust their communication to others due to various reasons: seek for listener’s approval, maintain positive social identity and wanting to achieve communication efficiency. According to Giles, people accommodate their speeches and behaviors more to the people they found attracted to and who have more similar beliefs and attitudes with them. Giles suggested that people use perception and evalution in conversations, which means people observe and interpret message before they decide how to act in a conversation.Moreover, people who has a lower social status is often more likely to accommodate to and guided by people who are from higher social status. People also perform their behaviors according to norms and appropriateness, where they try to reach the expectations of behaviors in conversations. CAT suggests several ways when people adapt during conversations: convergence, divergence and overaccommodation. People may a djust themselves in order to highlight similar behaviors to others or distinguish themselves from others.Convergence is a strategy used to adapt another’s behaviors. Usually people converge toward stereotypes. Divergence is used to emphasize differences between communicators. It is a way to maintain one’s social identity and power status. Overaccommodation means to overdo in regulating to others even acting from good intentions. What Giles suggested in the theory is more than only showing us the reason we accommodate or Not accommodate to others in conversations. People use these tactics in order to maintain their social identities and statuses.It is especially important to minorities, whom are always expected to adjust to the mainstream. This theory make them realize what they have been doing unconsciously and what created unjustice in society. Another phenomenon that the theory has suggested is that people sometimes over-accommodate in order to fit in a group. People try to be someone who they are not even partly similar. Learning this theory might allow them to realize it might not be a good idea to overly adjust. Communication accommodation theory Theory Theory of Communication Accommodation Keenness State university Melinda Sykes Communication Accommodation Theory 2 Introduction Verbal behavior is an active lifestyle that individuals use to convey messages. This are of communication involves a multitude of approaches, both In a behavioral sense but also a social psychological approach. Our behavior alters our environment with or without our permission. Therefore, speech is an integral part of the communication accommodation theory because pitch. Illume. Tone and many others s said to cause a shift in ones behavior. In 1987, Giles & Wingman explained communication accommodation as a theory that examines underlying motivations and consequences of shifts In verbal behavior. This theory attempts to explain why people accommodate or adjust to another's speech and the need to gain approval or maintain social identity with whom they are speaking with. The theory assumptions are that perceptions of another's speech help Individuals t o evaluate and behave towards that person.The purpose of this paper Is to discuss the development of the theory by reviewing research tested and or extending the theory. More Importantly, the paper will develop an overall evaluation of the theory strength's, weakness and heuristic potential. Both speech convergence and divergence, they magnify the movement toward or away from the speech style of the other. And determine that it is ultimately motivated by an assumption about the other's speech (Giles, Mullah, Abroad, & Johnson, 1987).These strategies give great reference and understanding of the accommodation principle in communication. Communication Accommodation Theory 3 Convergence and divergence are strategies that give light on the reasons why individuals adapt to one another's speech rate. Convergence indicates that â€Å"individuals adapt to each other by slowing down or speeding up speech rate, lengthening or shortening pauses and utterances, and using certain forms of polit eness, tag questions and verbal intensifiers in their speech† (Infants, Rancher, & woman, 2003).Divergence refers to the way speakers accentuate vocal and linguistic differences to underscore social differences between speakers (Infants, Rancher, & Woman, 2003). Though the strategies differ linguistically they are the same in concept. They are unconnected in the sense â€Å"the strength of a single response may be, and usually is a function of more than one variable and a single variable usually affects more than one response† (B. F. Skinner, 1957). Street and Giles assumed that divergence is generally used when others are members of undesirable groups or hold distasteful attitudes (1982). Ultimately, we converge with others in interaction if they are powerful and we want to be like them. We diverge from others in interaction if it is important for us to highlight a separate and distinct identity' (Miller, 2005). Over time, researchers have examined the area of gender a nd communication. The research has lead to an understanding that individuals classify according to gender orientation rather than biological sex (Virginia Wheelers, 1984). The research uncovered that feminine and undifferentiated individuals were more accommodating than masculine.The research runs along the same parallel that â€Å"feminine language† is viewed as more considerate cooperative, helpful and submissive (Stewart, Stewart, Cooper, & Friendly, 1996). This issue is heuristic in the sense is has brought about the research of sound play. Communication Accommodation Theory 4 Bambini B. Speechifies, author and scientist researched sound play and described it as vocal/verbal activity of a single speaker, more importantly used between young children and mothers (Ochs & Sheffield, 1983).In these exchanges, children pay attention to the phonological shape of one another's utterances and repeat or modify slightly a sequence of sounds Just produced. The study has been reported in a number of different cultures. Speech convergence is expressed during sound play. The approval of the mother or the child's adjustment gains satisfaction for one another. These results suggest that similarity in speech and tone influence perceptions of a relationship and gains overall approval. The study observed the use of sound play, convergence and divergence in the workplace as well.The method was simple observation through the use of office cameras and role play. The purpose was to observe the amount of times the three strategies mentioned above were used and by what gender. The results of the study results of women showing convergence almost in all cases that presented themselves. Their speech in terms of pitch, volume and tone were all demonstrations that ran insistent with the implied hypotheses. The women showed signs of being more considerate, understanding and submissive.Their tone and volume were reported to be lower and seemed more empathetic to whom they were spea king with. While the men seemed very consistent with their regular speaking tones in the midst of adversity or casual conversation. More actions of divergence were shown by the male participants. Communication Accommodation Theory 5 Instances were numerous on the part of correcting others verbal expressions and used more extensive Jargon in the workplace. Research has found that stereotypes continue to show the relevance and authenticity of the convergence and divergence strategies.For example, blind persons report individuals who communicate with them tend to shout or exaggerate behaviors unrelated to their ability to see. Nurses use â€Å"baby talk† to the institutionalized elderly, regardless of the individual's capabilities (Infants, Rancher, & Woman, 2003). Another example would be the tendency of individuals to yell or express exaggerated movements to persons who cannot hear. Research has been evaluated with gender playing a role in speech convergence and divergence. So ciety as given norms that inhibit the expectancy of speech from women and men.Even women's speech exhibits marked differences compared to the speech of men, provided that women use more polite expressions and seem to adopt standard forms, while the latter tend to exercise their â€Å"right† to do as they see fit (Miller, 2005). Society norms have provided the benefit of men using divergence and women more commonly using convergence to gain approval for satisfaction. As Robin Alaska once said, â€Å"women collude in their own subordination by the way they speak. † Speech divergence in the use of metaphors in literature, in that the message used in his kind of form is accessible only to those who are conversant with the code.In this way, members of certain groups or communities can hold up walls. On one hand, exclude the ones who cannot penetrate the mind of the speaker or the writer, but on the other, help cultivate intimacy and a sense of community. Communication Accom modation Theory 6 Communication accommodation theory is a very practical and easy to understand concept. For the reason, we all have experienced the convergence and divergence experience. Either, we were the initiator or the responder. The theory illustrates its opportunity to be tested and observed to gain further extensive research.With test having been conducted and both positive and negative feedback reported, both are good for a theory. It shows legitimacy that the theory is Just that but it also shows some relevance and true findings for the theory. This being said it makes the theory heuristic. Further research, observations, testing and extensions can be produced from this theory. In addition, the theory meets the scientific standards of explanation of the result, â€Å"twin objectives of scientific knowledge† (Griffin, 1991, p. 34). It maintains a simplistic concept and is easy to understand.Having a theory that is testable and leaves room for growth and further expa nsion puts it in the category of credible, substantial theories. A weakness in the communication accommodation theory is that it leaves many questions unanswered. Questions such as the long term changes in behavior and where to draw the line of empathy and the theory are where the theory can be unclear (Infants, Rancher & Hammock, 2005). In order for individuals to understand the difference between the accommodation theory and empathy, they would have to eave the same definition and perception of what empathy is. Communication Accommodation Theory CAT- American History X In this paper, I will use CAT (Communication Accommodation Theory) to explain how convergence, divergence, and intergroup contact are illustrated within the film American History X. Convergence in CAT refers to the accommodativeness, the process concerned with how we both reduce and magnify communication differences between people in interaction. Talking about convergence, people tend to enhance interpersonal similarities and reduce uncertainties. The effect of converging towards or approximately to another can increase liking and enable him or her to be seen more competent and credible.It includes switching to the other’s language or dialect, or assuming the same level of the other’s interruptions, speech rate, posture and so forth. When engaging conversation, if the individuals or in-group identity is viewed more than the out-group identity, there will be convergence and higher communication relational satisfaction. In the film American History X, there are several examples help to illustrate the concept of convergence: Firstly, the attitude and the way of thinking towards Derek are influence by his father who is being murdered and killed by two black people during his duty as a firefighter.In one of the flashbacks in the film, Derek’s family gathered around at the dinner table, Derek mentions his black teachers, Bob Sweeney, who assigned the class to read a book which is written by an African American author. Derek’s father disapproval the book because he is personally having dissatisfaction about his job with two black people got approved to his team. He explains the facts of how the black people in their society and neibourhood would threaten their life and verbally assume Derek is supporting his point of view. All these influences Derek after his father died.He starts to believe that the problems of the society is all race related. Started from that point, Derek strongly stereotypes his ethnic identity b ecause of his father’s prejudices towards the minorities in his society and the reason for his father’s death. His convergence mixed with stereotyping leads to over accommodation which is viewed as disrespectful to his whole family both verbally and nonverbally. Second example of convergence is another flashback in the movie. Derek along with his brother Daniel and girlfriend Stacey gathered a large group of white racism gangs in the parking lot.Derek was having a speech to the whole group about the new immigration and unfairness about the distribution on the resources towards whites and other ethics. After the speech, they destroyed a market which the owner is an Asian. They almost broke everything in the store and beaten up the people inside. The whole actions show that the group of white gangs is trying to show their strong social power to those who has lower power in the society. Besides, the group of white gangs tends to converge to signal their common ethnic and social identities.In another flashback scene, when Derek was in the prison, he tried to find the group who has the similarity with him base on the tattoo on his body. He lay down and worked out in the area where the others ethic prisoners were staying and he threaten them away. Finally he found the group and he is one of the in-group members. Here Derek tends to converge as he wants to gain approval by a group of people with similarity in the prison. He also wants to develop a closer relationship with the other members in his in-group that he didn’t meet before.After three years, Derek gets released from the prison. Daniel’s appearance changes to a younger version of Derek, with shaved headed and tattoo. Derek seems to be frustrated about the tattoo on Daniel’s arm as he thought it would be a bad idea for Daniel to follow his steps and get involved all those racism stuffs. But Daniel says â€Å"I thought you would like it! † Daniel tends to converge to ga in approval and trust from his brother, he tends to develop a closer relationship with him as long as he thought they are sharing the common social identities.Divergence in CAT refers to non-accommodativeness, to magnify the communicative differences. Divergence occurs when individuals desire to represent their in-group identity above others desire. It serves as a distinction to preserve dialect or vocabulary. Members of different ethnic groups often accentuate their identities by diverging from one another both verbally and nonverbally. Divergence can be particularly intense if people feel their identity is threatened and that the other group has historically and illegitimately discriminated against them.If a person accommodates an out-group member in this situations, that person is named as cultural traitor. If the out-group identity is more noticeable than the in-group or individual identity, there will be divergence less satisfaction. Here are some examples help to illustrate th e concept of divergence: When Derek was in the prison, he found his in-group member. Everything is going well till one day Derek find out one of the prisoner in-group member trade with a Mexican American ethic group member. He is disappointed and had never acknowledged the possibility of his in-group member could do wrong.He shows his disapproval towards that member’s action nonverbally and walked away. In the next few days, Derek reveals to sit with his in-group for meals and he didn’t show any respect to his in-group. He started to play basketball with the other out-groups instead of gather with his in-group. By then, he offended the group’s leader of his own in-group and they turned on him and gang raped him in the shower. At first, Derek diverges from his in-group due to the actions of the member trading with the other out-group member. He thinks that is no different with cultural traitor.Then his in-group members disapproval towards his demeanor, the gang r aped accident happened to increasing the divergence. When he was attacked by those he once considered members of his in-group, Derek makes up his mind to leave the group after that as he thinks his social identity is being raped out because he had believed that could only be perpetrated by out-groups. After Derek is released from the prison, he went back to the party held by Cameron, who used to convince Derek to lead several violent acts. He starts off a fight with him due with the issue about his brother Daniel.Derek blames Cameron is the one who giving them so much trouble and asked Cameron to leave them alone. Derek tends to diverge from his in-group to signal his disapproval towards Cameron’s actions and demeanors. He thinks Cameron is trying to put Daniel into hardship like him. Derek broke up with his girlfriend Stacey in that same party. Derek was trying to tell Stacey to leave the group with him together, but Stacey disagree as she thought Derek is in a popular posit ion at that time and she personally doesn’t think there is any problem with the group. They turn out to be enemy.They tend to diverge to signal relational dissatisfaction, Stacey think Derek changes a lot after he gets out from the prison and she thinks he loses his reputation because of what he did to her. In one of the flashbacks in the film, Derek’s family was gathering around with a Jewish man at the dinner table. They talked about the revolution which an Asian market was being destroyed, happened before when Derek, Daniel and Stacey were involved. The Jewish man has different point of view toward the whole racism activity with three of them. Derek started the get mad in the middle of the meal.He thinks that the Jewish man is trying to get sexual benefit from his mother and he is a hater for Derek. Derek rudely asked him to get out of the house and never step into his house again. Derek tends to diverge as he wants to signal the relational dissatisfaction towards h is mother and the Jewish also he wants to disapprove toward his actions in his house, being a hater for Derek. Intergroup contact theory indicates the perceptions of an out-group will change consistent with the perceptions one holds regarding a relationship one has with a member of that out-group.Intergroup communication also maximized the presence of their group and will sometimes leads to a dissatisfied relationship. Here are some examples from American History X helps to explain the intergroup contact theory: During the work in the prison, Derek was assigned to work with an African American man who named Lamont. At first Derek refused to talk to him because of his strong stereotyping but Lamont was always trying to challenge Derek’s deep-set stereotypes. Most of the time for Lamont, it is more likely a one-side conversation.Lamont worked around with Derek’s racist attitude by talking about some common interests for example women and the reason they are in prison. Al ong with the conflicts happened between Derek with his in-group, Derek realizes that those of the other ethnicities were much more like himself than he had imagined before. They become friends afterwards and on the day that Derek got released, they met each other and Derek says to Lamont â€Å"I think part of the reason that I could get out is because of you. † Derek feels thankful to him. His strong stereotyping is lost.Another example is after Derek was being raped by his in-group member; Derek was helpless and feels utterly alone. He lost his cultural identity to cling to and is not belongs to any of the groups. While he was staying in the medical room, his former African American English teacher, Bob Sweeny, came to visit him. Derek seeks helps from him. Bob was willing to help him and he helped him to see how his actions have affected his younger brother Daniel. These two examples show that Derek has changed his attitude towards an out-group after he tried to communicate with them. Stereotyping also reduces for Derek.He tends to have a positively relationship with the out-groups which is the aims of intergroup contact theory. American History X does not only explain the convergence, divergence and intergroup contact theory in CAT (Communication Accommodation Theory), but it also explains more theories in interpersonal and intercultural communication. Convergence, divergence and intergroup are all related to the communication between an in-group and out-group. The film helps to illustrate some facts that also happening in the real life that we have to face and most of the time, the way that we could deal with them is by communication.

To Err is Human by Lewis Thomas

Lewis Thomas' To Err is Human In the essay, â€Å"To Err is Human†, Lewis Thomas, begins by contrasting the supposed infallibility of computers with the human propensity for error. In the essay Lewis explains how we grow from our mistakes, he says â€Å"We are built to make mistakes, coded for error (306). Lewis uses persuasive elements to sway people into his point of view.Thomas writes that when computers make an error, they don't know what to do, but if a human makes an error we can adapt and make the necessary improvements to make the error better or get the right answer. Thomas states that computers are designed to be perfect, however, as we all know from personal experiences, computers sometimes do make mistakes.He then goes on to say that computers come do the same as humans, like when people make mistakes they learn from them, he said that if computers could do it they would be even more perfect then stated. Thomas uses the element of imagery to capture his readers in terest in the essay, by comparing a humans mind to a computer's workings, he goes on to state that a good bank or the government, has to run like a computer or a least somewhat, this connects the reader to something that goes on in everyday life and moves their live along.In this essay Thomas' intended it to make readers realize that an â€Å"error† is nothing to be worried about and it actually could be are greatest strength. His persuasive techniques and all of his powerful imagery and description make this essay persuade anyone to take his side and make it look like computers aren't really that perfect in the end.

The Art Controversy of Mapplethorpe and Serrano Essay

The Art Controversy of Mapplethorpe and Serrano - Essay Example Mapplethorpe’s art is a rare combination of classic style and revolutionary theme. He deals with his carefully chosen theme of eroticism so as to aggravate the shock value. He exploits the different nuances of sexuality from the homoerotic to the phallic. His preferences with homoeroticism come naturally from his homosexual orientation. And to some extent it would not be wrong to say that his work of art portrays his own reflections and conceptualization of the erotic from a homosexual point of view. But to restrain his content to sexuality would be grossly unfair because in his later years Mapplethorpe had an ideological shift and he concentrated more on abstract spiritual themes rather than material ones. The uniqueness of his art lay in the fact that Mapplethorpe was unapologetic in his treatment of themes. He went ahead to capture in his frame some starkly bold moments of eroticism and the incongruous that have irked many.

Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut - Essay Example It appears that in a world where no superficial handicaps were added, Hazel would have had less-than-average intelligence, which was the reference point for other people’s abilities in the current world. She cannot think about things for long periods of time and seems to lack any ambitions concerning her future; therefore, she is not a threat to the powers that be. They do not have to worry about her because her mental abilities would not be a potential threat to the status quo as seen through her assertions. On the bottom paragraph of page 1, Hazel talks about how envious she is of her husband who gets to hear all this different sounds, and even suggests that she would have used chimes on Sunday to respect religion. Such sentiments would only come from a person whose mental abilities are highly wanting; she even confessed that she has no idea what normal means. George is highly burdened by his handicaps because they cause severe exhaustion and unusual vigilance on his part; if he lets go of these handicaps or even lightens the load, he might face the possibility of imprisonment or huge monetary fines. In an effort to make everyone mentally equal, the authorities have had to impose undue burden on the physical aspects of average and above average intelligent people. George has to carry the handicaps everywhere he goes even when he wants to sleep, yet people like Hazel bear no such burden. In essence, true equality has not been achieved because one segment of society; that is, the majority, has to live life with heavy loads, constant surveillance and intrusive noises while another section does not. The author describes Harrison as something akin to the god â€Å"Thor†; he is physical fit, tall and quite handsome; one can deduce this from the excess handicaps placed on him as well as the other artificial deformities that disguise his physical

The last financial crisis 2007-2009 has many implication on different Term Paper

The last financial crisis 2007-2009 has many implication on different markets , however there are some arguments that the gulf a - Term Paper Example Granting of loans in an uncontrolled manner, which resulted in the value of the loan exceeding that of the assets, was the root of the problem. These loans were provided to the borrowers without conducting a minimum check on their credit-worthiness. The result was that many of the borrowers failed to pay their loans back, which clearly reflected the financial status of the institutions and their inability to pay their obligations, thereby resulting into collapse. This paper investigates the severity of the impact on the GCC market. In this context, the financial market of the GCC countries has been considered along with special attention towards Qatar. The study revealed that the severity of the impact was not as huge as compared to the rest of the world. This can be due to the fact that the policy makers of GCC countries took ardent steps to mitigate the risk. Moreover, the Qatari economy did not get much affected and the banks were declared solvent in that time. However, the real e state business was seen to experience huge hit by the credit crunch. 1. Introduction In the year 2008 and 2009, the global economy was rocked by the financial crisis which was considered as the most devastating economic event, after the Great Depression in 1930s. The aftermath of this global crisis was felt in every part of the world. The global crisis was initiated by the low interest rate regime along with huge inflow of foreign funds that led to the housing construction boom and encouraged large consumption of debt-financing in USA. The Federal Government of United States made it possible for almost everyone to own a home by giving 1 percent rate on the mortgages. The loans that included the mortgages were given to almost everybody without checking the credit worthiness of the borrowers (Sivakumar and Krishnaswami, 2012). With the decline in the housing prices, the major financial institutions, which were involved in borrowing for investing in the subprime MBS, had reported signi ficant loss. This decrease in the price also resulted in a fall in the prices of the homes that worth less than the mortgage loans, which incentivised financially the entry towards the foreclosure. Towards the end of 2008, the crisis peaked. Several banks and other financial institutions of Europe and USA failed as a result of this crisis and governments were trying hard to save these institutions by bailing them out (Kasekende, Ndikumana and Rajhi, 2009; Anon., 2009). The crisis started propagating beyond its epicentre, thereby affecting not only the advanced economy, but also the emerging economies and the rich Arab GCC countries. This paper aims to analyse the degree of impact on the GCC countries. In this context, the paper will specially analyse the situation in Qatar and other GCC countries. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Evolvement and Concept of Global Financial Crisis The term financial crisis refers to the sudden reduction in the price of the assets, which can be financial, such as, bonds and shares and can even be materials like, equipments and machinery. This sudden reduction can result from the price bubble which indicates an abrupt and huge increase in the prices ending in a sudden collapse. Moreover, the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, the giant financial institu

Research Proposal (Ideology) Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Proposal (Ideology) - Thesis Example Global media flows should be correlated with the modern global options of information transmittance and ability of different nations to be equal users of different types of information (Brabazon; Croteau, Hoynes, 2003). Further on this proposal will be focused on different types of media flows and the means of information regulation across boundaries. Moreover, the main emphasis will be made on the necessity to preserve local uniqueness and originality of information thus preserving national dignity and value (Hall, 2007). Very often small countries or local communities are unable to preserve their uniqueness and it is important to redirect that global inconsistent information flow from citizens enslavement to their independent performance at the global arena. A spirit of anti-globalization movement is on the way of its development and the modern society is very often scared off by the inconsistent trends in the field of globalization and is open for development of challenging decisi ons in this field. This article deals with economic globalization definition. It is claimed that the processes of globalization are less developed than it is often found out in the economical studies. This dual basis of globalization definition on the basis of different studies in economy signifies that technology and industrialization are two key decisive factors influencing the processes of globalization. The author of the article makes an emphasis on subjection of smaller states to the influence of globalization. Therefore, the main attention of the readers is referred to inability of globalization to unite the nations, but is rather focused on their separateness. Machida, Satoshi. â€Å"Globalization and citizens’ support for global capitalism: Multi-level analyses from the world-system perspective,† Journal of Developing Societies, Vol. 27, No.2, 2011, pp. 119 – 151 This article is focused on considerations about the unequal structure of the

Beethoven Symphony No. 3 any movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Beethoven Symphony No. 3 any movement - Essay Example However, in the year 1804, in a move to avoid paying a fee to the royal patron, Beethoven withdrew the dedication of the composition to Napoleon. He later rededicating it to the then Prince, Joseph Franz Maximilian Lobkowitz. Never the less, in the self-proclamation of Napoleon as a French Emperor on 14th May 1804, Beethoven, with his political ideologies, titled his work as Buonaparte (Berlioz, 2000). Ferdinand Ries, Beethoven’s secretary, claims that Beethoven had high esteem for Buonaparte while he was a Consul and that he had been thinking of him as the greatest Consul all over the Ancient Rome. He further claims that the name of Buonaparte, beautifully inscribed on the top of the composition, is all that Beethoven close friends saw with that Beethoven beneath the composition. However, when the news of Buonaparte reached, confirming he proclaimed himself an emperor, Beethoven tore the top title page having in mind that the person he admired will boast of his new title. Considering himself the most powerful being among his kind. The symphony received the title Sinfonia eroica only after re-writing of the top page. The composition is very interesting and soothing at some points. The reasons to why I find this piece interesting is due to its instrumentation works that provide valuable departure points. These points carry a single innovation to the point at which the horn player chips in the film. The composition of the film is considered as a classical-style, as it is long when compared to the Symphonies of other artists such as Haydn and Mozart. With exposition repetition, the initial movements are long making them typically classic symphony, thus preceding the start of the Romantic Era in classical music. Great range of emotions is evident in the second movement, ranging from the funeral match that depicted misery, to a relatively solace of happiness in major key

How conflict leads to disputes and the need for resolution Essay

How conflict leads to disputes and the need for resolution - Essay Example Several other factors also determine the most appropriate resolution method to be applied. For example, the nature of the conflict, the issues at stake, the cultural sensibilities of the people involved, the economic costs, etc are all factors to be considered. Once a general assessment of the conflict is made then steps can be taken toward reaching a solution. This can involve peaceful negotiations or mediations between the concerned parties. In case of conflict between two nations, nonviolent approaches such as diplomacy should be first considered before resorting to force. When it comes to conflict resolution in a business situation, the first choice action will be legal advocacy, which involves informing the stakeholders of the legal implications of various courses of action. In the realm of the academia, scholarly seminars and other pedagogic approaches are best suited for conflict resolution. Sometimes, a combination of various approaches is the most effective. For instance, in interpersonal conflicts, elements of personal counseling sessions alongside legal briefings is more likely to lead to amicable resolutions. In recent years, conflicts have arisen between environment protection groups and business corporations, primarily due to the tendency of the latter to externalize ‘costs and risks’. This has resulted in social activism and such international public forums such as the World Social Forum, World Economic Forum, etc are platforms for debating, contemplating and settling various disputes. Sometimes conflicts can arise between different ethnic and religious groups. Resolving such disputes would require a broad political framework. Hence, we can conclude by saying that â€Å"conflict resolution† is an integral aspect of all well-thought out processes in the realm of politics, business, society or family. Finding a mutually agreeable solution to a given conflict

How women are seendepicted in the book the things they carried by the Essay

How women are seendepicted in the book the things they carried by the author Tim O'Brien - Essay Example Only on a few time did you find a woman who in fact fought in the war. Two women from a different source affirmed that "women served alongside men in that sink-pit of War." Some positions women had were non-traditional.The women are a load and a difficulty as much as they are a prompt of what the soldiers required. "All that crap about how if we had a pussy for president there wouldn't be no more wars'' 'You got to get rid of that sexist attitude." These men had a variety of vision and emotion about the women they love, the women they disgust, and the women that they may not be acquainted with and can only vision of. While the text given to the thoughts of women is small is physique, it is fairly important in sense. (O'Brien 1990) Mary-Ann, a seventeen year-old girl from Middle America, rapidly becomes fraction of Vietnam. She studies how to chase from the Green Berets, but almost immediately she shifts further than even them, and disappears into the tropical forest. She loves the way Vietnam makes her experience: this portrays the theme of adultery between her and the soldiers as if she is all there, and can not at all lose herself. 'When her boyfriend last sees her, she is wearing a necklace of human tongues'. Mary Anne Bellgirlfriendto soldier Mark Fossie symbolizes the dishonesty of blamelessness that takes place in war. She appears wearing "white culottes and this sexy pink sweater," fresh from suburban U.S., and becomes a foul tool of bereavement, scarier than even the Green Berets. (Herzog 1992) Yet extra than the American soldiers in Vietnam, Mary Anne Bell symbolizes the unknown, somebody who does not fit in where she is. Like Rat Kiley's troubled reply to behavior process only during the night in "Night Life," the story of Mary Anne highlights what happens when someone's environs have an effect on her. Mary Anne is also symbolic of alteration, specially, the loss of blamelessness to experience. Comparable to how the "green" medic Jorgenson is appropriate to make errors, Mary Anne is greener than any man in the work of fiction. She arrives in Vietnam not only not ready for war but also not aiming to take part in it. Her alteration from an attractive girl wearing culottes to an animal-like huntsman who wears a 'necklace of tongues' equivalents and overstates the revolutionize all young men went through in Vietnam, such as "O'Brien" who went from a boy who was fond of school to the man who planned a aggressive vengeance against Jorgenson. (T O'Brien1991) O'Brien leaves out the ending to the story about Mary Anne, as a replacement for letting her quality pass into the dominion of myths. quite than letting us to know what becomes of somebody (like himself) who experiences an aggressive loss of blamelessness, we are left speculating how war influences a person, and to what ends of time that person will carry on to feel its consequence. The one part of "knowledge" that Mary Anne's story educates us is that once blamelessness is lost, it can never be regained. Different from O'Brien or Bowker, on the other hand, when Mary Anne misplaces her virtue, she becomes a mediator of primitive nature. (Heberle2002) As a final point, Mary Anne is the most genuine instance of love in the novel. Even if Lt. Cross and Henry Dobbins carry memento that remind them of feel affection for, Mark Fossie is the

How DuPont Company Changed people's life in Delaware Research Paper

How DuPont Company Changed people's life in Delaware - Research Paper Example DuPont products and services have maintained its capacity and have developed through the years. This paper will provide the insights as to how DuPont changed and influenced the lives of people in Delaware and the world with their innovative inventions. History: DuPont Company The DuPont company was first highlighted in Delaware by Pierre Samuel DuPont who was said to be the most influential character in the world of business and who succeeded in making the E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company as the biggest explosives and chemical sector in the United States. They became a supplier of substantial goods and products to other companies that needed DuPont’s products for their line of business as well (Chandler and Salsbury 2000). The company was founded year 1802, and it has maintained its diversity up to this time. Their innovative way of bringing the company to success has led them to extend to 90 countries in the world. The company has continued to prosper in the line of â€Å" agriculture, nutrition, electronics, communications, safety and protection, home and construction, transportation and apparel† (Our Company 2011). Innovations and Highlights of DuPont There were many inventions of DuPont that made a name; one of which is Nylon introduced in the world year 1938. Neoprene was also made by DuPont with their efficient team of chemical engineers and was made known year 1931 (Bellis 2011). DuPont was first focusing primarily as a chemical company that specialized on explosives. They played a major role in the World War II era (Winkler 2005). It is said that DuPont developed from an â€Å"explosives manufacturer† to products that used â€Å"explosives chemistry.† Examples of these products are paint and stuff that were made of cellulose (Ndiaye 2007). Mueller (2011, 325) stated the known earliest inventions of DuPont such as Viscose Rayon in year 1920; Cellophane in year 1924; Synthetic Ammonia in year 1926; Teflon in year 1943 and seve ral others. DuPont’s inventions brought recognition worldwide as these are essential components that were needed by other business sectors as well. DuPont’s dedication and focus made them an in demand supplier of these business firms. DuPont’s efficiency even expanded outside the world as the company supplied invented materials for astronauts and space missions. One significant usage of DuPont’s invention of Nylon took part in the Apollo 13 space suits, in the year 1964. On the other hand, the space suits utilized in the Apollo 11 were made using DuPont’s inventions such as â€Å"DuPont Nomex fiber, Teflon fluoropolymer, Kapton polyimide film, Mylar polyester film, Lycra spandex, neoprene and Nylon† as well. Another invention was also used by the NASA for their space travels in 1960. Krytox was used as lubricants by the spacecrafts used in NASA space travels. One of the best assets of Krytox is that it does not ignite flames and it is confir med to be safe. The Kapton Polymide film from DuPont is used for the space machines of NASA in controlling vibration. It is also used â€Å"flexible circuits† for electronic gadgets (Fact Sheet 2011). The DuPont trademark remained and developed in these inventions through the years, and made a new world in Delaware. The company made significant changes in Delaware that brought significant development in the lives of its people. Life Changing DuPont As the

Asses the Merits of Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Asses the Merits of Utilitarianism Essay Utilitarianism is a theory aimed at defining one simple basis that can be applied when making any ethical decision. It is based on a humans natural instinct to seek pleasure and avoid pain. Jeremy Bentham is widely regarded as the father of utilitarianism. He was born in 1748 into a family of lawyers and was himself, training to join the profession. During this process however, he became disillusioned by the state British law was in and set out to reform the system into a perfect one based on the ? Greatest Happiness Principle, ? the idea that pleasurable consequences are what qualify an action as being morally good. Bentham observed that we are all governed by pain and pleasure; we all naturally aim to seek pleasure and avoid pain. He then decided that the best moral principle for governing our lives is one which uses this, the ? Greatest Happiness Principle. This is that the amount of overall happiness or unhappiness that is caused by an action should determine whether an action is right or wrong. He stated, ? the greatest happiness of all those whose interest is in question is the right and proper, and only right and proper end of human action Here Bentham is saying that the principle is the only valid of deciding and justifying our actions, that the principle should be applied regardless of any others, as it is the only true and reliable way of defining whether an action is right or wrong. An advantage of utilitarianism is that it can be applied to any situation. Unlike many moral approaches you are not restricted by rules such as ? it is always wrong to lie, or ? killing is never right. This allows the philosopher to consider any dilemma or problem in its own specific context. For example applying Kantian ethics, abortion or euthanasia would have to be defined as wrong, however a utilitarian has the scope to make there own decision considering a range of factors and situations. Bentham realised that because this theory is based on the outcome of our actions it may be difficult to assess fairly which action will produce the most happiness. He therefore developed the ? hedonistic calculus, a form of calculating the happiness resulting from an act by assessing 7 different factors of the pleasure produced such as intensity and duration. In doing this Bentham was attempting to create some sort of happiness ? currency which would allow us to compare happiness as if it were measured in numbers, this of course cannot be possible, the thought of being able to compare different pleasures almost scientifically is just not feasible, and of course many pleasures rely on the context they occur in for example, if I were starving, a sandwich might seem the greatest thing in the world, however, if I went out for an expensive gourmet meal and was served a simple sandwich I expect I would be quite disappointed! Another problem with Benthams philosophy is that he would not distinguish between pleasure and pain, seemingly defining them as the same thing. In my opinion pleasure is generally a momentary thing whilst happiness is a more lasting and consistent thing. One might gain pleasure from sitting watching TV all day long. However in doing he is missing work and so will end up with no job and no money to support himself (and pay his TV licence! ) and will presumably be left unhappy. So, as demonstrated by this example, pleasure is not necessarily happiness and Bentham, was mistaken to define them together The usefulness of his calculus, and the way Bentham defined pleasure came into question from one of his students, J.S. Mill who found his approach too general and simplistic. Mill rejected Benthams idea that all pleasures are the same and can be compared, he felt that there were different types or ? levels of pleasure, and that some are more desirable or valuable than others. He decided that some pleasures or more desirable and meaningful than others, that there are ? higher and ? lower pleasures, the lower being animal pleasures such as the satisfaction of a full stomach, having a drink when your thirsty, sex etc. These are the same kinds of pleasures that an animal would experience and therefore if one only strives for these pleasures they are not much different to an animal. The other pleasures Mill described were ? higher more desirable, pleasures such as reading a good book or enjoying the opera. This concept however poses a big problem. How can one reasonably calculate pleasure as a whole if there are different ? levels of pleasure, and how much more worth does a higher pleasure carry than a lower pleasure? These pleasures would also be rated differently by different people, some might much rather watch TV than a play so TV would therefore make them happier. If an act is right because it makes one feel happy, then for the person watching TV would therefore be the right thing to do. There are sometimes slightly different criterions used in Utilitarianism. There are two different forms, ? positive and ? negative utilitarianism, ? positive seeking to maximise good and ? negative to minimise suffering or harm. The latter however seems to defeat the concept of the ? greatest good as minimising harm is not necessarily making people happy, for example not inflicting harm on someone is not really going to contribute to their happiness, it may prevent them from being unhappy, but as specified earlier, the goal of utilitarianism is happiness. ?Negative utilitarianism seems to encourage laziness, to enforce the attitude that it is better to do nothing than take an action that could possibly cause pain. There are two general types of utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism is basically what Bentham discussed, an act being right if it creates the greatest happiness, it relies on this one simple formula being applied to every single act. This method is one that virtually comes naturally and is scientific in its approach, however it has been criticised as sometimes justifying something which one would intuitively regard as wrong. An example often used to demonstrate this; in a neighbourhood where there is a lot of racially motivated disruption and violence a member of one of the involved races is raped by a member of the ? rival race. The chief officer of the law knows exactly who committed the crime and it can easily be proven. However by sentencing this man the community will learn of the crime and there would almost certainly be a riot causing mass destruction and probably multiple deaths. However he could easily dismiss the case and the crime would go unnoticed. According to act utilitarianism it would be best to ignore the case and not press charges, as it would lead to the maximum happiness to the community ? no riots, death etc. This obviously seems to completely go against what most people see as right and fair and completely contradict ones natural moral response. In an effort to try and avoid these incidents rule utilitarianism was created. This is where rules are drawn up using utilitarian principles. Rule utilitarians assess a specific act such as ignoring crime and not providing justice to the victim, rather than investigating every single act in its own individual context. Rule utilitarianism seems to avoid the potential injustices that could be permitted with act utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism seems to exclude the aspects of utilitarianism that make it more appealing than other theories of morality, the freedom to assess every single act in its own individual context. Act Utilitarianism, like any other ? list of rules approach to morality can be wrong in certain situations and encourages people to blindly follow rules. Utilitarianism is a reality, not just a theory like many other philosophies; it is practiced every day, for instance the vote system. This ongoing practice of utilitarianism in society has show that it is flawed. Just because the masses vote for something, doesnt make it right. The masses can be fooled, as in Nazi Germany for example, thousands of people were behind Hitler even though his actions were undeniably evil. Utilitarianism is a logical system, but it requires some sort of basic, firm rules to prevent such gross injustices, violations of human rights, and just obviously wrong thing ever being allowed. This could be the ? harm principle which Mill devised. ?Acts of whatever kind, which, without justifiable cause, do harm to others, may be, and in the more important cases absolutely require to be, controlled by the unfavorable sentiments, and, when needful, by the active interference of mankind. The liberty of the individual must be thus far limited; he must not make himself a nuisance to other people.

Market Entry Strategy Which Is Appropriate In Circumstances Marketing Essay

Market Entry Strategy Which Is Appropriate In Circumstances Marketing Essay INTRODUCTION: The assignment explains that if any firm goes into the international market then what are various types of entry modes and then what can be the various entry strategies. Axinn (2002), state that firms nowadays are enter into international markets much more than before. Therefore, theories regarding globalization that provide realistic mentoring is more significant than it have been discussed in six stages by Kotler Armstrong (2001): Looking at the international environment Deciding whether to go in international market or not Deciding which markets to go in Deciding how to enter in the market Look critically global marketing program, and Deciding on a global market organization Reference: Axinn, C.N Matthyssens, P (2002) Limits of Internationalization theories in an unlimited world. International Marketing Review 19(5), p436-449. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2001). Principles of marketing 9th Ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall International. DEFINITION OF MARKET ENTRY STRATEGY: According to Green (1995), In literature there is no agreement regarding managerial decision which constitute an entry strategy. Strategy is defined as the firms consistent internal set of objectives and procedures or policies and goals, which support the organizations strengths and weaknesses with the outer opportunities and threats. In other words, if a firms internal variables will be coordinated with external environment to achieve superior performance it shows firms effective strategy is in place. A market entry strategy is formulated a firms decision in regards to organization, market and product before the actual launch of product. Market entry strategies are essential for existence of new firms as they are on the desire path right from the beginning exclusive of differing from their objectives. Several studies revealed that successful launch strategy raise the possibility of firm survival and better performance. According to Sandberg and Hofer (1987), In contrast to any other variables effect of strategy, entrepreneur and structure of industry impact more on performance. The market entry strategy is particularly significant, as it choose number of strategic and planned substitute to the firm in future. We take market entry in a very slow and steady manner because there is lots of risk. Doing business internationally is altogether different from doing business in domestic market. Reference: Green Donna H./Barclay, Donald W./Ryans, Adrian B. (1995), Entry Strategy and Long-Term Performance: Conceptualization and Empirical Examination, in: Journal of Marketing, Vol. 59, pp. 1-16. Sandberg, William R./Hofer, Charles W. (1987), Improving New Venture Performance: The Role of Strategy, Industry Structure, and the Entrepreneur, in: Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 2, pp. 5-28. FOREIGN MARKET ENTRY MODES: There are different modes in which a domestic firm enters into a international market or the international arena. INTERNATIONAL ENTRY COMPENDIUM Export By Agent/ Distributor Licensing Arrangement Joint Venture Foreign Manufacturing Franchising Arrangement Opening Overseas Office We have almost six types of modes through which we can enter into the international business. Exports through agents or distributors. Opening overseas office. Licensing arrangement. Franchising arrangement. Joint Ventures. Foreign manufacturing. EXPORTS THROUGH AGENTS OR DISTRIBUTORS: We appoint foreign agents in foreign countries and we start getting the business queries from them, this will be the type of process called as doing business through agent. OPENING OVERSEAS OFFICE: Once we are getting business through the agents now we can think in terms of opening our overseas office. So therefore entering into the international markets by opening our own office will further give a push to our sales in that particular country because we have a local presence and we can answer the queries of the overseas buyer. If we can keep our buyers happy we got a position to get more and more sales. LICENSING ARRANGEMENT: If we are already successful in a particular international country, our brands are very popular in that market. Now, we can move out of that particular market by allowing local firm of that particular country to enter into a type of arrangement called licensing arrangement. We give a license to that particular company to start manufacturing our product using our brand name and the technology, but all the investment are made by that particular party, and in lieu if this licensing we are allowed to that foreign company we get the royalty. It means when we are in position to get royalty again we are in a position to have sales in that particular country. We enter into licensing arrangement because we want to enter into some other market to expand our market size. FRANCHISING ARRANGEMENT: It is the arrangement where we identify the type of franchisee who basically interested to take our franchise so this is an arrangement between franchiser and franchisee. Franchisee: The party that is purchasing the franchise from the seller of the franchise. Franchiser: The party that is offering the franchise for sale to the purchaser of the franchise. Franchiser is a export firm who is trying to give its marketing rights to local firm in that country as well as helping that firm in terms of all types of business problems in exchange for a fee. In licensing we take royalty and in franchising we take fee. It is the basic difference between licensing and franchise. Idea is again the same we want to expand our market scope so therefore in certain countries rather than locally produce product in that country we enter into franchising arrangement. McDonalds is the same example of franchising. JOINT VENTURES: Once we have lots of experience and we have accumulated lots of resources we can also enter into certain countries in the form of strategic alliances, these alliances has given a name called joint venture. Joint venture is the type of equity participation. We have so many examples of joint ventures which are already takes place in India. Like joint venture of Hero Honda, there are two companies hero group is the Indian group and Honda group which is from Japan. FOREIGN MANUFACTURING: The company starts manufacturing their product in foreign countries. It means instead of manufacturing product in their own country and then exporting from their and paying the custom duty out there, the foreign firms can think of go out of there country and if they found that the government of that country is promoting industrial investment than they are in position to get the land, and other resources in the terms of finance etc. as well as lots of benefits from the government of that country and then they start local manufacturing in that country and without any type of the partner but on their own. It is also called FDI (Foreign Direct Investment). Reference: Internet WWW page at URL: Foreign market entry modes Quickmba.com. Accessed 08/04/10 from FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CHOICE OF MARKET ENTRY MODE: Several important factors that affect the choice of entry modes are: Market Factors: The size of the target country market is significantly influence on the entry mode. Small market have low break even sales volume so the entry mode must be different (Agent/distributor exporting, licensing and some contractual arrangements). For Markets with high sales potential have entry mode that have high break even sales volume (Branch, subsidiary, exporting and equity investment in local production). Production Factors: Entry mode are largely affected by production factors of targeted country like quality, quantity and cost of raw materials, labors and energy. Economic Factors: Economic infrastructure (Transportation, communication, port facilities etc) also affect the mode of entry into particular country or market. Government Regulations: Defensive Import regulations affect in the form of high tariffs, these regulations make problems an export entry. Geographical Factors: When geographically the distance to the targeted market is too long then cost of transportation becomes a barrier. Dynamism of Country: Economic dynamism of the country also affect the entry mode. Dynamism refers to the rate of investment, growth rate and personal income. Social Cultural Factors: Social and cultural factors are very wide that affect entry mode because of different values language, social structure and different life style of target market country to home country. Reference: Root, F.R (1994). Entry Strategies for international Markets: San Francisco: Jossey Bass Inc. CONCLUSION: For an Organizations or a company thinking of entry into the international arena set of strategic alternatives often changing and depending on the targeted country or market focuses on several ways to enter a foreign market. Organization need to be conscious of how prospective new market may best by still considering the risk and the different economic ,environmental and cultural factors associated with the specific entry strategy (Deresky, 2003). Reference: Deresky, H.(2003). International Management 4th Ed. Pearson Education. (B) Franchising is a common method of entering services markets abroad. What is the special attraction of international franchising to both partners? FRANCHISE: Franchise is a form of business organization in which a company which already has a successful product or service (the franchisor) enters into a continuing contractual relationship with other businesses (franchisees) operating under the franchisors trade name and usually with the franchisors direction, in exchange for a fee. (InvestorWords.com, 2009) Reference: Internet WWW page at URL: Franchise InvestorWords.com, 2009. Accessed 6 August 2009 from BUSINESS FORMAT FRANCHISING: Business format franchising, on the other hand, is defined as an arrangement where a franchisee receives (in addition to the right to sell goods or services) the franchisors designs, quality control and accounting systems, operating procedures, group advertising and promotions, training, and (in case of hotels and travel agencies) worldwide reservation system. (BusinessDictionary.com, 2009). In short, franchising the business format allows small and medium scale franchisees to enjoy economies of scale, brand recognition and loyalty, and strategic support from a large and established franchisor. In return, the franchisor receives a fee for the use of its tradename, trademarks and expertise. More than that, however, the franchisor is able to expand its reach and name recognition with use of the capital investment of the franchisee. Reference: Internet WWW page at URL: Business Format Franchising BusinessDictionary.com, 2009. Accessed 6 August 2009 from INTERNATIONAL MARKET ENTRY STRATEGY: A business format franchise, from its very definition, is designed to replicate the totality of the franchisors business concept in different location; if the franchise is multinational, then the different locations may well be situated in different countries. More than just the trademarks and product design, the business format franchise makes use of the franchisors marketing strategy and plan, operating manuals and standards, and quality control. (Preble and Hoffman, 1995, p. 80) Growth in this area has been so predominant that it is forecasted to be the main (if not nearly exclusive) form of franchising internationally in the 21st century. Business format franchising has become the main vehicle by which multinational business have been able to take advantage of the unprecedented growth of international opportunities. (Preble and Hoffman, 1995, p. 80) There are, according to Preble and Hoffman (2006) three generic approaches or experiences in global franchising strategies: the first mover, platform, and conversion approaches. The first- and early-mover strategies are those strategies which suggest that early entrants into the industry, or pioneers, attain market dominance (i.e., traditionally enjoy larger market shares) over their competitors who arrive later. For this strategy, the timing of market entry is of greatest importance to the success of the franchise. Preble and Hoffman cite Makadok (1998) as a study that such advantages in pricing and share advantage indeed materialize, and are of surprisingly longstanding (or sustainable) duration. First movers exhibit a greater aggressiveness in pursuing strategic investments in research and development, advertising, promotion and distribution. It was determined that Franchisors facing domestic market saturation and rapidly growing markets abroad are more likely to utilize first-mover strategies for international expansion. (Preble Hoffman, 2006, p. 36). The second category of global franchising strategies is that of platform strategies. This involves selecting the most ideal (or at least most advantageous, usually the most business-friendly) country in a region and establishing its platform in that country first, and then eventually expanding into neighboring nations. It is also called an incremental phased approach (Gupta Govindarajan, 2000). This is ideal for expansion into regions wherein the countries comprising the region differ in their levels of organizational development, political stability and cultural traits (Preble Hoffman, 2006, p.39) Situating in a business-friendly country helps to minimize the risk of entry into a region which may either not be open to the companys presence there, or that do not possess the infrastructure and facilities needed for business to flourish. It is recommended that entry into dissimilar markets should be attempted or undertaken only by experienced franchisors. The last classification of strategies for business format franchising is known as conversion strategies. This involves the franchisor adding new franchisees to the network through the acquisition of independent businesses, business chains, or franchisees from other franchise systems in short, it is a process similar to reverse franchising. The business already exists; the business format franchisor merely converts these existing establishments to include them in the franchisors own system. Conversion franchising is best suited to the penetration of mature and already crowded and costly markets, by acquiring existing locations, sometimes in prime, expensive, real estate, eliminating competitors, and benefit from the franchisees existing business network and connections. The franchisor could also take advantage of the franchisees critical resources and skills from which can be developed sources of competitive advantages. The acquired firm, on the other hand, benefits from a source of managerial acumen from the franchisor, aside from the acquisition of a known brand, new technology, logistical support and training. In summarizing these strategies, it is readily apparent that conversion strategies provides the greatest opportunity for not only experienced but also inexperienced franchisors to penetrate international markets and expand operations even in saturated and highly competitive business environments. Reference: Preble, J F Hoffman, R C (1995) Franchising Systems Around the Globe: A Status Report Journal of Small Business Management, Apr95, Vol. 33 Issue 2, p80-88. Preble, J F Hoffman, R C (2006) Strategies for Business Format Franchisors to Expand into Global Markets. Journal of Marketing Channels, Vol. 13 Issue 3, p29-50. The diagram on the page following illustrates the three generic strategies just described. A Contingency Model for Global Franchising Strategies (Source: Preble Hoffman, 2006, p. 45) Reference: Preble, J F Hoffman, R C 2006 Strategies for Business Format Franchisors to Expand into Global Markets. Journal of Marketing Channels, Vol. 13 Issue 3, p29-50. ATTRACTION FOR INTERNATIONAL FRANCHISING: There is some special attraction for both the franchiser and franchisee thats why franchising has been famous around for decades. It is a great approach for business man to hold and drive own business. Same like that it is attractive for the second party in term of operating a business in new environment because they do not have know how of market, cultural and other political and social condition of that particular country. Franchisee should have to do some homework, research the company, and should consult with a franchise consultant before making a final commitment. Franchiser has to do the same research about the countrys political condition, possible social and cultural issues, credibility and previous working experience of the franchisee in the related field. Here are some of the advantages for both the partners in franchising business. LOWER FAILURE RATE: When franchising business is setup there are very low chances to failure of business because franchisee is using the name and fame of the already established organization. On the other hand, franchiser uses the experience and knowledge about the local market, which is very essential for survival of any organization. Independent businesses have 70% to 80% chance of failure in the initial critical years while franchising business has 80% chance of surviving. HELP WITH START UP AND BEYOND: Franchisee got lots of help on initial stages of business and operating it afterwards. Most of the franchisee gets all the apparatus, supplies and instruction or even training which is very essential to start the business. In most of the cases, franchisee gets constant training and help with marketing and management. Franchisee will reap the benefits of the companys international marketing campaigns, while the franchiser get benefit in terms of finance by entering into new market. BUYING POWER: Your franchise will gain from the combined buying power of the International Company as the franchisor can manage to pay in bulk and go by the investments along to franchisees. Stock and materials will cost less than if you were operating an independent company. STAR POWER: Most of the well-known franchises have international brand name and recognition. Getting a franchise can be similar to buying a business with built-in consumers. PROFITS: A franchise business can be hugely beneficial and profitable. (Think of McDonalds and KFC, for instance.) Reference: Internet WWW page at URL: Attraction For International Franchising sbinfocanada.about.com, Assessed 10 April 2010 from

The Challenges Faced By Kingfisher Airlines Commerce Essay

The Challenges Faced By Kingfisher Airlines Commerce Essay While starting this assignment, I was required to conduct my research based on any company or organization. This could prove to be very tricky as the company selected should have been both challenging as well as with some scope for applying managerial theories. Kingfisher:-Kingfisher is an Kingfisher based in Mumbai, India, and focuses primarily on domestic routes, along with several international services to neighboring countries in Asia. Kingfisher is state-owned, and is administered by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. It is one of the two flag carriers of India, the other being Air India. The Kingfisher was rebranded as Indian for advertising purposes as a part of a program to revamp its image in preparation for an initial public offering (IPO). The Kingfisher operates closely with Air India, Indias national carrier. Alliance Air, a fully-owned subsidiary of Kingfisher, was renamed Air India Regional. In 2007, the Government of India announced that Kingfisher would be merged into Air India. As part of the merger process, a new company called the National Aviation Company of India Limited (NACIL) was established, into which both Air India (along with Air India Express) and Kingfisher] (along with Alliance Air) will be merged. Once the merg er is complete, the Kingfisher which will be called Air India will continue to be headquartered in Mumbai and will have a fleet of over 130 aircraft. C:Documents and SettingskamalDesktop64748.jpg History:- Kingfisher Kingfisher is a private airline based in Bangalore, India. Currently, it holds the status of Indias largest domestic airline, providing world-class facilities to its customers. Owned by Vijay Mallya of United Beverages Group, Kingfisher Kingfisher started its operations on May 9, 2005, with a fleet of 4 brand new Airbus A320, a flight from Mumbai to Delhi to start with. The airline currently operates on domestic as well as international routes, covering a number of major cities, both in and outside India. In a short span of time, Kingfisher Kingfisher has carved a niche for itself in the civil aviation industry. Kingfisher Kingfisher proved to be a stiff competition for other domestic Kingfisher of India, with its brand new aircraft, stylish red interiors, stylishly dressed cabin crew and ground staff. The airline introduced in-flight entertainment (IFE) systems, for the first time to Indian consumers. The IFE systems were provided on every seat, even on the dom estic flights. The airline offers attractive services to its on board passengers. Years following its inception proved to be beneficial for the airline, in terms of its booming business, with a good track record of customer satisfaction. However, it faced a worsening economic scenario in 2008 MANAGEMENT Management in all business areas and human organization activity is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Because organizations can be viewed as systems, management can also be defined as human action, including design, to facilitate the production of useful outcomes from a system. This view opens the opportunity to manage oneself, a pre-requisite to attempting to manage others Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act(s) of management. Basic functions of management:- Management operates through various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, leading/directing, and controlling/monitoring. * Planning: Deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next 5 years, etc.) and generating plans for action. * Organizing: (Implementation) making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans. * Staffing: Job analyzing, recruitment, and hiring individuals for appropriate jobs. * Leading/Directing: Determining what needs to be done in a situation and getting people to do it. * Controlling/Monitoring: Checking progress against plans, which may need modification based on feedback. Management hierarchy In an organization:- The management of an organization may have three levels:- Senior management (or top management or upper management) Middle management Low-level management, such as supervisors or team-leaders Top-level management:- * Require an extensive knowledge of management roles and skills. * They have to be very aware of external factors such as markets. * Their decisions are generally of a long-term nature * Their decisions are made using analytic, directive, conceptual and/or behavioral/participative processes * They are responsible for strategic decisions. * They have to chalk out the plan and see that plan may be effective in the future. * They are executive in nature. Middle management:- * Mid-level managers have a specialized understanding of certain managerial tasks. * They are responsible for carrying out the decisions made by top-level management. Lower management:- * This level of management ensures that the decisions and plans taken by the other means employees. * Lower-level managers decisions are generally short-term ones. Management Theories:- These are three basic management theories:- Classical Viewpoint (scientific management, bureaucratic management, administrative management) Behavioral Viewpoint (Hawthorne studies, human relations movement, behavioral science approach) Quantitative Viewpoint (management science, operations management, management information systems) 1. Classical Viewpoint:-It includes Scientific management Bureaucratic management Administrative management Scientific management: Scientific management is defined as the use of the scientific method to define the one best way for a job to be done. Taylors Four Principles of Scientific Management:- 1. Study each part of the task scientifically, and develop a best method to perform it. 2. Carefully select workers and train them to perform a task using the scientifically developed method. 3. Cooperate fully with workers to ensure they use the proper method. 4. Divide work and responsibility so management is responsible for planning work methods using scientific principles and workers are responsible for executing the work accordingly. Bureaucratic management:- GENERAL ADMINIST Characteristics of Webers ideal bureaucracy The major characteristics of Webers ideal bureaucracy include for an organization:- a. Specialization of a labor b. Formalization of rules and procedures c. Impersonality in application of rules and sanctions d. Formalization of lines of authority into a hierarchical structure Effectively. Max Weber Theory of Administrative Management:- The role of administrative management concludes that all activities that occur in business organizations could be divided into six main groups:- Technical (production, manufacturing) Commercial (buying, selling, exchange) Financial (obtaining and using capital) Security (protection of property and persons) Accounting (balance sheet, stocktaking, statistics, costing) Managerial (planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, controlling). Fayals 14 principles of management:- Division of labor: work must be subdivided to facilitate specialization; Authority: authority and responsibility should go hand in hand; Discipline; discipline is important to develop obedience, diligence, energy and respect; Unity of command: subordinates must report to one superior; Unity of direction: all operations with the same objective must have one manager and one plan; Subordination of individual interest to general interest: the interest of one individual or group should not dominate the interest of the enterprise as a whole; Remuneration: remuneration and all other methods of payment should be fair; Centralization: managers always hold final responsibility but should delegate certain authority to subordinates; Scalar chain: a clear line of authority or chain of command should extend from the highest to the lowest level of an enterprise. This helps to ensure an orderly flow of information and complements the principle of unity of command; Order: there is a place for everything and everything in its place. Proper scheduling of work and timetables to complete work is important. This can facilitate the channeling of materials to the right place at the right time; Equity: employees should be treated with kindness and justice; Stability of tenure of personnel: management should work towards obtaining long-term commitments from staff and avoid unnecessary turnover of staff which is costly and works against overall goal accomplishment; Initiative: workers should feel like an active part of the organization through conceiving and executing plans in order to develop their capacity to the fullest; Esprit de corps: harmony and union help to build the strength of an enterprise. It is an extension of the principle of unity of command, emphasizing the need for teamwork and the importance of communication. Contribution of the classical viewpoint for an organization:- Highlights the need for a scientific approach to management. Points out that work methods often can be improved through study. Identifies a number of important principles that are useful in running organization efficiently. 2. Behavioral Viewpoint: -From this viewpoint of management of personal reactions (thoughts, feelings, and behaviors) rather than solely from the problem-solving perspective, this orientation involves conceptual input and feedback interwoven with trainee self-examination and practice of new behaviors in a structured human relations training context. Hawthorne studies: -The Hawthorne studies, initially undertake to investigate the relationship between work-place conditions and worker productivity, introduced a wide range of topics to the field of management study. individual work behavior is driven by a complex set of factors, work groups develop norms which mediate between the needs of the individual and institution, employees should not be considered appendages of machinery, awareness of employee sentiments and participation can reduce resistance to change, the workplace is an interlocking social system, not simply production system, social structure maintained through Symbols of prestige and power These findings opened the door to the study of client-centered therapy, small group behavior, and organization theory and research methodology. Human Relations Movement: It is defined as a movement in management thinking and practice that emphasized satisfaction of employees basic needs as the key to increased worker productivity. Because it is impossible to cover all aspects of the human relations movement, I will relate the Hawthorne Studies and focus on three key points to discuss the advantages and problems 1. Respecting and concerning with workers 2. Understanding and satisfying the employees wants and needs 3. Working together and encouraging workers. The reason workers are motivated by such things is that individuals have a deep psychological need to believe that their organization cares about them, is open, concerned, and willing to listen. Human Relations Movement Behavioral science approach: The behavioral approach to view management from a social and psychological perspective. This concern about the well-being of the workers and wants them to be treated as people, not as a part of the machines. Introduction to the behavioral science approach Advocates of the human relations movement believe that if managers focused on employees rather than on mechanistic production, then workers would become more satisfied and thus, more productive. They supported the notion that managers should be paternalistic and nurturing in order to build work groups that could be productive and satisfied. The behavioral science movement stressed the need for scientific studies of the human element of organizations. This model for management emphasizes the need for employees to grow and develop in order to maintain a high level of self-respect and remain productive workers. Theory X and Theory Y developed by Douglas McGregor also emphasized about these things. 3. Quantitative Viewpoint: -Quantitative Management (also known as Operations Research) of a systematic and scientific approach to problem solving and decision making in complex Environments and situations of uncertainty and conflict act. Quantitative Management is a practical field. It can be applied in many areas: manufacturing, businesses management, banking, environmental planning, mining, housing and engineering projects, management consultancy in fact, in every situation where numerical data are available and management or decision making takes place. Management Science:- A discipline(a branch of knowledge)that attempts to aid managerial decision making by applying a scientific approach to managerial problems that involve quantitative factors ,management science is also called operations research (OR).A rational, structured approach to problem solving and often takes a quantitative view of decision making. Operations management: -Operations management is an area of business concerned with the production of goods and services, and involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as little resource as needed, and effective in terms of meeting customer requirements. It is concerned with managing the process that converts inputs (in the forms of materials, labor and energy) into outputs (in the form of goods and services). Operations traditionally refer to the production of goods and services separately, although the distinction between these two main types of operations is increasingly difficult to make as manufacturers tend to merge product and service offerings. More generally, Operations Management aims to increase the content of value-added activities in any given process. Fundamentally, these value-adding creative activities should be aligned with market opportunity (see Marketing) for optimal enterprise performance. Management information system: -A management information system (MIS) is a subset of the overall internal controls of a business covering the application of people, documents, technologies, and procedures by management accountants to solve business problems such as costing a product, service or a business-wide strategy systems applied in operational activities in the organization. Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making, e.g. Decision Support Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems. Information is the lifeblood of all organizations now more than ever. MIS professionals work as systems analysts, project managers, systems administrators, etc., communicating directly with staff and management across the organization. APPLICATION OF MANAGEMENT THEORIES The above mentioned theories play an active role in framing any organization and company nowadays. If well-implemented, these theories can bring out the best in an organization leading to tremendous progress, both financially and productively. Kingfisher is one such company utilizing the merits offered by these management and administrative theories. Implementation of Scientific management Employee Recruitment: Kingfisher follows a very transparent policy in its employee recruitment system. For the job to be done it is of almost importance that the individual must be well-qualified and should possess the right skills or tools; and this is exactly what Kingfisher considers during its selection-process. Training and development: Kingfisher followed by detailed training and development programmer for their new recruits, they are familiar with the operating environment, and trained to provide the company wants and needs.  Employees are trained in their specific areas such as company decides the tasks to be performed by workers. Division of labor: Kingfisher goes a well Structured Hierarchy of authority to cause minimum fuss management. Work here is evenly divided between management and Employees, as each is given work appropriate to them. In Kingfisher, no particular section is to Burdened with excessive work, in a proper division of labor. Standardization: A specific pattern is set for the work to be carried out at Kingfisher and everyone is well-aware of their duties and responsibilities. Before starting any job, our company first decides the way to carry out that job, resulting in standardization. Work place environment: Kingfisher competitive and creative attempt to exceed an employees ability to protect them across borders and good spirit of cooperation between workers Companion spirit of fair play, the companys smooth operation and a healthy work environment. IMPLEMENTATION OF BUREAUCRATIC MANAGEMENT: Distribution of workload: Our company, Kingfisher completely concurs with Max Weber when he describes distribution of work as one of the traits in bureaucracy. Here at Kingfisher, there is even division of workload and no extra stress in put on our employees. Defined hierarchy: Work done really effectively and professionally at Kingfisher as we followed a very well-defined hierarchy.  Our institution is a full hierarchy of structure and, therefore, highly proficient We Kingfisher fully working manners and ethics, which is vital for all organizations.  Detailed rules and regulations are strictly according to our life and work is always done with established and appointed .Impersonal relationship: Abandoned in favor of strictly on our company as we believe that a person should hold office based on their work and not because of personal contacts or social status.  Corruption is an aspect that can never be found in kingfisher.  Due to the transparency of our company. Formal authority: The position that each and every employee holds is made clear in our company so that the manager can exercise his/her formal authority at the workplace. Technical competence: Only those who meet the conditions sufficient for the job is placed in the position of our company.  The work-related concerns with other responsibilities and authority that does not interfere with the proper development to four companies. Thus, by applying the theory of manaeaucracy by Weber always, our organization has successfully achieved the maximum production employed and our employees, while maintaining good employees satisfaction corruption and  favoritism are not really pleased IMPLEMENTATION OF ADMINSTRATIVE MANAGEMENT Forecasting and planning: Kingfisher has a team of dedicated professionals working on the future of our organization.  We always plan ahead and predict any kind of obstacle or obstacles in our path and plan to remove them accordingly.  Strategic planning is important. Organization: Our concept of organization is one of the most famous one, companies in the world.  We are aware of the extensive development of our people, and service resources. Co-ordination: As our business is distributed in various regions, there is a high priority as well coordinated, and thats exactly what we are trying to do with Kingfisher.  Without proper coordination, the company has not reached the heights, where we are today.  Teamwork is very bad Commanding: We are the king, who was scheduled to due to the different commands to be run smoothly and our work processes.  It is responsible for as they get the job, which means that the body knows that these people. Controlling: For companies to motivate employees and their location to their needs.  They motivate employees to run the programmer.  Employees or reward your efforts, simply ask them to achieve the objectives of the mission.  To maximize the motivation of the staff and very useful discussion about incentive APPLICATION OF BEHAVIORAL VEOPOINT Application of Hawthorne studies: For companies to motivate employees, their needs for their position.  They run employee motivation programmer.  Employees to achieve the objectives of their duties or simply for your efforts rewarded well ask.  To maximize employee motivation, the motivation of employees through a very useful discussion about following procedures and staff. The company is Changing the pay rules so that the group was paid for overall group production, not individual production. Providing food during the breaks. shortening the day by 1 hour Parts time jobs available for newcomers. Application of human relation movement: The company Kingfishers approaching each employee as a source of unique knowledge with something valuable to contribute to the company. The company is taking care of employees needs to do the job in Mechatronics. Communication of expectation of employees keeping the goal in mind. Knowing their goals, their stressors, what excites them and how they each define success? By providing good training. The company takes feedback of employees. Providing Reward and recognizing employees in ways that are meaningful to them Keeping success story alive Being consistent in every work which is related with employees. Application of behavioral science approach: Job rotation: Cross training staff, teaching staff or each others work. Expand your knowledge and ability to work Expansion of jobs in Mechatronics: employees are given a wider breadth of tasks and responsibilities within our jobber close to work and increase the depth of the responsibilities of employees. Organizational Behavior: This is my understanding of organizational behavior is the way people communicate he work environment.   Through the study of organizational behavior,we can know each other better and in ways to cooperate.   Kingfisher depends on the individual services, as well as the organizations management. Therefore, it can help understand the individuals quality of work.  I found my organization Kingfisher all these things. Contribute a better translation Marketing and Consumer Behavior: Kingfisher marketing attempt to influence this process with examples of marketing when consumers evaluate a brand they are trying to get an overview of installation services allows the consumer to decide whether to think about it.  Some brands of evaluation criteria may include price, brand, flavor, functional features, style, and sometimes the way consumers feel of an enterprise of an organization of their choice. Resolving Conflicts: The case is structured so that you understand why and how the kingfisher was constantly harassed by HR problems.  We should be able to see the pilots and other workers using arm tactics to get back to IA to accept all their demands.  This case also provides insight into how his treatment IA HR issues in dreams have contributed to the overall mess that found themselves in kingfisher Training: Generally the training in Kingfisher. Happens in these terms- a) Managing Teams b) Managing Emotions c) Strategies for Peak Performance d) Managerial Wisdom e) Problems Solving Decision Making Application of Quantitative Management Application of Management Science: In the Kingfisher the management system is used by Scheduling Kingfishers, both planes and crew, Deciding the appropriate place to site new facilities such as a warehouse or factory, Managing the flow of water from reservoirs, Identifying possible future development paths for parts of the telecommunications industry, Establishing the information needs and appropriate systems to supply them within the health service, and Identifying and understanding the strategies adopted by companies for their information systems. Application of operational management: Operations management  is an area of business concerned with the production of goods and services, and involves the responsibility of ensuring that  business operations  are  efficient  in terms of using as little resource as needed, and  effective  in terms of meeting customer requirements. It is concerned with managing the process that converts inputs Operations management focuses on carefully managing the processes to produce and distribute products and services.   great deal of focus is on efficiency and effectiveness of processes. Therefore, operations management often includes substantial measurement and analysis of internal processes. Ultimately, the nature of how operations management is carried out in an organization depends very much on the nature of products or services in the organization, for example, retail, manufacturing, wholesale, etc Sections of This Topic Include:- Procurement (Purchasing) Practices This topic reviews guidelines for buying various materials from suppliers and vendors materials, including computers, services from lawyers, insurance, etc Management Control and Coordinating Function Management control and coordination includes a broad range of activities to ensure that organizational goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient fashion.   Product and Service Management As noted above, the major activities involved in product and service management are similar to those in operations management. However, operations management is focused on the operations of the entire organization, rather than managing a product or service. Quality Management Quality management is crucial to effective operations management, particularly continuous improvement. More recent advancements in quality, such as benchmarking and Total Quality Management, have resulted in advancements to operations management as well. Logistics and Transportation Management Logistics is focused on the flow of materials and goods from suppliers, through the organization and to the customers, with priority on efficiency and cost effectiveness Facilities Management Effective operations management depends a great deal on effective management of facilities, such as buildings, computer systems, signage, lighting, etc. Configuration Management Its important to track the various versions of products and services. Consider the various versions of software that continually are produced, each with its own version number. Tracking these versions is configuration management. Distribution Channels The means of distribution depend very much on the nature of the product or service Applications of management information system The company is implementing Management Information Systems (MIS) is the term given to the discipline focused on the integration of computer systems with the aims and objectives on an organization The development and management of information technology tools assists executives and the general workforce in performing any tasks related to the processing of information. MIS and business systems are especially useful in the collation of business data and the production of reports to be used as tools for decision making. Applications of MIS With computers being as ubiquitous as they are today, theres hardly any large business that does not rely extensively on their IT systems Strategy Support- While computers cannot create business strategies by themselves they can assist management in understanding the effects of their strategies, and help enable effective decision-making. Data Processing- Not only do MIS systems allow for the collation of vast amounts of business data, but they also provide a valuable time saving benefit to the workforce. Where in the past business information had to be manually processed for filing and analysis it can now be entered quickly and easily onto a computer by a data processor, allowing for faster decision making and quicker reflexes for the enterprise as a whole. Benefits of MIS- The field of MIS can deliver a great many benefits to enterprises in every industry. Expert organizations such as the Institute of MIS along with peer reviewed journals such as MIS Quarterly continue to find and report new ways to use MIS to achieve business object Core Competencies- Every market leading enterprise will have at least one core competency that is, a function they perform better than their competition. Enhance Supply Chain Management- Improved reporting of business processes leads inevitably to a more streamlined production process. With better information on the production process comes the ability to improve the management of the supply chain, including everything from the sourcing of materials to the manufacturing and distribution of the finished product. CONCLUSION After completing my report on Aviation Industry take the example of Kingfisher World Corporation, a leader in the provision of flight simulators I found that all companies use the four-management laws, which I have discussed only three. Kingfisher Systems, Incorporations designs and manufactures flight training devices and flight simulators.  It offers pilot training tools for ground school, distance learning and flight training, Nova, a car park management system that provides access to information such as occupancy or the status of parked vehicles Valorous, a treatment for municipal and industrial sludge generated by wastewater treatment plants.  The company serves aviation market, including commercial and general aviation.  It serves customers in North and Latin America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Middle East and Oceania markets.  Kingfisher Inc. was founded in 1953. The company uses all managerial laws in accordance with their employees.  The company has so many different flight simulators, so many different flight training equipment solutions for all types of flights, to customer support media centers, technical center, take it in progressive way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ultimately we learned after completing this project, it is easy to manage an organization, resources, if we know all about governance. REFRENCES Airline quality of Kingfisher http://www.airlinequality.com/Forum/kingfisher.htm , last accessed on 29, March 2010 Books at red