Strategic Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9500 words

Strategic Planning - Research Paper ExampleThe main starting time of Delta the (Headquarter) is in Texas, United State America. This report is focusing on conducting a strategic plan for Delta alliance Qatar (Subsidiary). The importance of this report is to sustain long-term success for the corporation. Carefully planning helps the managers to go to the right out and achieve their goals in effective and efficient ways. This report is divided into different parts. The first section is slightly Delta Corporation history and brief background, the core activities performed by Delta Company. The second part is about the methodology of aggregation relevant data about Delta. After collecting data about the company, we will establish the elevate analysis Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats to evaluate the company situation. The analysis includes the internal and external factors. Internal factors are such as the vision, mission, financial ratios, IFE tool (internal facto rs evaluation matrix) to know the strengths and the weakness of the company. Furthermore, in this section, we will discuss the strategic correspond and the EFE (external factors evaluation matrix). For the external assessment, we will evaluate the opportunities and threats. External factors are such as porters five forces model. After that, we will formulate SMART objectives and the tactics need to accomplish these objectives. Furthermore, we will discuss the implementation plan. The last part of this report is to conclude all the information that we discuss and give most recommendations to Delta Corporation.

Service Line Development Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Service Line Development - Term idea ExampleSelf paying patients have change magnitude from 5 to 8%. These changes have been accompanied by a reduction in revenue from $461.5 meg to $427 million a 7.5% decline. This decline has led to a decline in the hospitals profit margin from $23.075 million to a negative of $1.495 million a decline of 106.5%. This decline in revenue appears to have been initiated by the loss of the Obstetrics programme and the erosion of general surgery volumes. The number of discharges, patient days, ADC, Surgeries, OP visits and ED visits. The but increment is related to ALOS which increased from 4.0 to 4.3. Zuckerman et al (2002) noted that mandatory health maintenance organizations (HMO) programs have had a positive extend to on both adults and children and has resulted in less dependence on emergency room for medical tending. There is an increase in the use of preventative care. Zuckerman et al (2002) also pointed to differences in access betwee n people enrolled in Medicaid managed care and low-income privately insured people. This difference seems to have positively impacted the percentage of patients using Medicaid and Medicare duration negatively impacting the percentage of patients using the facility who are insured. Gaynor and Haas-Wilson (1999, p. ... The memos and telephone conversations seem to be pointing towards the legislative brain of reducing requitals to hospitals. There are also changes in how physicians are reimbursed and this has implications for health care in the county. However, although everyone is affect Robert Holland who is not directly employed in the health sector appears to be the only person who knows how to impact the legislative changes to the health care policy. There is an urgent need for improvement in health care policies and the suggestion made by Robert Holland to the CEO Morgan Reece of working more closely with the Hospital Political accomplish Committee in order to frame feedbac k to the legislators is a good one. A member of the hospital mount up - Dr. Joint, who does not work at the Trinity Community Hospital is concerned that Congress wants to either restrict reimbursement or keep it at the same level while opening the doors of medical facilities to millions. Dr. Joint indicates that the payment to physician is not keeping up with cost increases and so the hospital will not be able to recruit any new doctors. This seems to have been the problem when the Obstetrics service was discontinued at the hospital. There is obviously a shortage of doctors which can have crippling effects on health services. This will also turn people away from public health facilities as they will prefer to pay more for private services in order to ensure that they receive quality health care. It therefore means that those who cannot afford private care are the only ones who will visit the hospital. Currently, only some basic provisions can be dealt with in relation to

London Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

capital of the United Kingdom - Essay ExampleHowever, temperatures below -20 degrees centigrade have been noted in the past one decade, but their trueness is yet to be validated (Anderson, p. 27).The city has a cluster of activities, ranging from streets to places of entertainment. It is also a city with numerous economic activities since it is considered as a manufacturing center with a good industrial network. People working in the city engage in both official and casual activities. Examples of those who engage in official activities take teachers, lawyers, doctor and bankers. On the other hand, the casual workers include craftsmen, builders and wood choppers (Burling, p. 207).London has a rapidly growing population. The population has hit more than seven million over the past one decade. People are originating from all parts of the world to live in the city (Boulton, p. 105). They have come with different lifestyles and dark festivals. That is why London is considered as a mu lticultural city since the Roman times. Currently, about a draw and quarter of the citys inhabitants are members of ethnic minorities. With the diverse culture of its inhabitants, London has a variety of dishes. These dishes include delicacies such as dosa deli, churros Garcia, grilling Greek and the orange buffalo (Lawley, p.

Disaster Plan Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Disaster Plan Assignment - Research make-up ExampleThe stress test examines the stability of the system on while handling many coincident functions and processes. Stress testing is far beyond normal operations as it disregard be categorised in to application stress testing and hardwargon stress testing. The strict security measures, both in terms of physical and software security. Biometric identification system and encryption techniques git be implemented to besmirch database security. Moreover, the third step would be to replicate the core services that are running on a specific server or workstation. This will facilitate the employees to entertain the patients, whenever a primary server goes down. Plans and Changes In order to minimize system failure for future, risk analysis is compulsory that will identify totally(prenominal) the critical systems on the profit. It will also demonstrate the factors that may disrupt the critical system on the network. Moreover, it also includes the implementation of adequate controls in order to prevent system failures. Daily supportings are required on daily basis and a mechanism is required that will check the integrity of the backup at the said(prenominal) snip, if the backup is corrupt, new backup can be requested at the same time. It is essential to prevent the backup database also by applying adequate security measures, as database contents are highly classified. In case of a natural disaster, data must be relocated on a separate data center situated far away geographically. Furthermore, to eliminate power issues, PoE can be implemented to minimize electric outage as it contains its own separate electric channel for the workstation and network devices. Root Cause Analysis The major impact that contributed to the system failure problem is the instability of technical school Med system as well as the application that creates database backup. However, primary source of power was restored instantly and replac ed by the secondary sleeper. The impact of Tech Med system resulted in halting all the operations associated with Jones Regional medical examination Center (JRMC). Moreover, the impact of corrupt database backup resulted in a major halt in system operations of the medical center. Manual entries were conducted, as full database recovery is required from journal articles to transactions. Likewise, when the system is not operational, the staff at the medical center has noted all the operational processes manually so that they can be entered, when the system becomes operational. Disaster Recovery Plan The disaster recovery plan covering all the issues and counter measures is demonstrated below (Sandhu, 2002) Threats Counter Measures Power Failure jump out power distribution link Database Failure Backing up data on 3 different locations at the same time by disk mirroring, ciphering, DLT or manual backup on daily basis. System Failure Alternate system to replace the affected system The ft Lock Cabinets IP cameras, biometric fingerprint identification, Vandalism unuttered steel box for Servers and Databases Flood Relocating or replicating the network room Create a duplicate or replica of crucial data servers that are geographically located away evoke water sprinklers, Fire extinguishers Earthquake Relocating data with data centers that are geographically located away Determining the Amount The initial step is to identity the information assets on the network along with the services associated with it. The next

Managerial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Managerial Accounting - turn out ExampleFrom these, the variable cost per unit is obtainable. The graph shows that the distribution of gondola hours whose correlation with come cost incurred yields the least of effects on the total cost comparing all the variables involved. The correlation between machine hours and total cost is 0.2 whose relationship is less positivistic (Duchac, Reeve and Warren 754).Considering the relationship between total costs of production and the direct labor hours, the relationship is more positive. Interpreting this shows that there is a super positive relationship between the two variables. The correlation coefficient here stands at 0.72, which is the highest. It reveals that a change in the number of direct labor hours will have great effect on the total costs of the manufacturing process. Duchac, Reeve and Warren (754) suggest that due to this, decline of labor hours will yield a reduction in total cost of production that may yield higher profits. The third variable looks at the relationship between the total numbers of units produced in relation to the total costs incurred. The relationship is positive and correlation gives a 0.67 result. It shows that the total cost increase would yield an increase in the level of units produced. consort to Duchac, Reeve and Warren (754), the relationship here shows the least positive of correlation. The relationship relates with the relevant range astray based on the period taken. Relative range represents the range within which a given impairment or cost holds true. The least square mode is advantageous in that it includes all the data ascertained and tries to identify the line of best fit. The line helps to determine the variable and fixed cost proportion. The disadvantage of this method lies in its complication of the process because it considers all the observations presented. Under regression analysis, the following formula is vital.This aims at

Risk mangement Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Risk mangement - Personal Statement ExampleI wee decided to take the risk management shape to better my quantitative and technical skills in finance. I wish to re-enter the financial field with the current harsh economic conditions only after lot my little experience in your institution. After obtaining an in-depth understanding of the computational, statistical tools and the mathematical skills that are intrinsic when relations with bank or any organizational data, the economic waters that have become treacherous to voyage without the necessary risk management skills pull up stakes be an easier sailing place. I hope that I will evolve into an individual who has understood the industry nearly so that I can deliver well to the clients at the same time employ the management audacity through quantitative portfolio to the advantage of the investor.I believe I can excel in this course taking into consideration my enthusiasm and commitment to finance related institutions, I have wo rked in the banking industry for nine years. The vast experience I have gained so far gives me an opportunity to develop extensively the gained knowledge and skills in the financial operations. The course content appeals to me strongly and being a student at the University will definitely provide me with the essential knowledge that I need in advancing my

King Richard 1 Lion Heart Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

fairy Richard 1 Lion vegetable marrow - Research Paper ExampleFor this reason, King Richard is suspect of being a bad king. Nevertheless, there ar some qualities in him to be appreciated. The label of a bad king may not richly suit him. As king, he gave much on the behalf of others. Unfortunately, those others were not the people of his kingdom. King Richard should be interpreted as he is and not quickly judged. The conclusion that he was neither a good or bad king, but a king, most correctly suits him. While not perfect, he was not alone corrupt. An intelligent man, King Richard had a reason for his actions. Surely, the people of his land desired a better life history than what he brought them. However, their suffering served a purpose that was to benefit a greater good. King Richard fought on behalf of what he believed to be right. He fought for that right with all that he had which happened to include e in truththing that the people of kingdom had. It is not awe-inspiring i n medieval times for the peoples of a kingdom to lack social mobility. The oppression of his people for the pursuit of financial gain made such mobility impossible for those under King Richards rule. In this paper, the evidences that consecrate been presented to label King Richard as either a good or bad king depart be discussed and analyzed. The intent is to demonstrate that neither of these labels can fully describe him. Having some qualities from both categories, King Richard does not fit neatly into either. The actions of King Richard often depict a King that was not very interested in caring for his kingdom. He was obsessed with money. The kingdom was no more than a extraction of revenue to him. King Richard was able to extract large amounts of riches from his people and land. This money he utilize for his own purposes. Therefore, his people did not get to enjoy the best of lives. Instead, King Richard pressured the people to pay taxes. He did not seek to enrich the lives of his own people. Their lives were full of work and yet they languished because of poverty. It is because of King Richard that the legend of robin Hood was born. Robin Hood was a bandit, an outlaw, who sought to promote financial equality. The low distribution of wealth was the result of King Richards rule. He raped the land and the people of riches. Many people resented King Richards actions especially since his father was considered to be a much better king. However, King Richard was hardly interested in following his fathers example. In fact, during his younger years, King Richard had actually engauged in war against his father. As it has been reported In 1173 he, the Young King and a younger brother, Geoffrey, backed by their mother, took up arms against their father in a war that lasted eighteen months (Cavendish 2007). King Richard came to be despised by many of his people. For his greed of gain he is considered to be a bad king. When the thought of a king is individual wh o is beloved of the people and seeks their best interests arises, King Richard seems to fall nicely into the category of bad king. His lack of patriotism also helps him to fit into this category. It has been noted that historians have traditionally spoken of him as incompetent and destructive, niggling and incapable (Heiser 1997 p.1). It was only close to five months out of each year of his reign that the king actually resided in his own land. The rest of this time he spent in France. When King Richard made decisions about his kingdom they were often misguided. Being absent from

Scriptural Hermeneutics, Ricoeur's thoughts, and theological method of Essay

Scriptural Hermeneutics, Ricoeurs thoughts, and theological regularity of Lonergan - Essay ExampleRicoeur felt interpreting texts, events, and symbols that showed the human condition was a necessity in piece to obtain understanding. He argued that a final explanation, while it is able to complement understanding, does not answer the labor movement of understanding (Rocoeur). By exploring this belief as well as other modern philosophies, Ricoeur made world-shaking contributions and influenced scholarship not just in hermeneutics, but nearly all the human sciences. St. doubting Thomas doubting Thomas theological philosophy was that knowledge is revealed to humans by God and is conditioned by humans in addition to being imparted by God. He believed both reason and faith were means to attaining shaper truth. The principles he fused into his philosophy were based on the philosophies of Aristotle and Plato. Aquinas views led to the philosophical school of thought called Thomism (Thom as). Like Aquinas, Bernard Lonergan believed in the philosophy of Thomism. He strongly advocated that judgment was not subjective but objective. He also believed that reason as well as the proper practice of theology could lead to divine truth and a better life. Also, like Aquinas, Lonergan viewed theology as a science and desired to integrate theology and philosophy (Tracy, 299).

A reflective account of the application of learning to clinical Essay

A reflective key out of the application of learning to clinical practice - Essay ExampleGlobally, Ischaemic stroke affects more sight than other forms of strokes. The stroke can happen or occur in two ways arterial thrombosis or cerebral embolism. Arterial thrombosis is when a blockage forms in the artery that supplies line of descent to the capitulum. As a consequence, blood supply to the brain is blocked (Baker, 2008). On the other hand, cerebral embolism occurs when a blood clot forms in a different part of the body (usually a large artery or the heart) and subsequently travels to the brain and blocks the blood supply. The disease is most prevalent in older adults (people over 65 years of age). In light of this, the paper will employ Gibbs reflective cycle model. The model is pet since it is fairly straight forward. Additionally, the model advocates for a succinct description of the scenario, evaluation of the feelings and experience, conclusion, and a reflection found on ex perience of what I would do if a similar situation came up again.The condition that I am dealing with is called the ischaemic stroke. It is the clotting of the blood in the blood arteries. In his book, a Schmer (1973) utter that the brain is deprived off food and the oxygen when clotting occurs in the arteries. As a result, the brain cells die. Although some blood cells may die immediately at the onset of the stroke, some may save longer. If the blood supply is regained, the surviving cells may live or die. The condition may occur very fast, within seconds, or the patient may experience symptoms for some hours.The patient needed to be examine for the symptoms of an ischaemic stroke. At times, the underlying problems might not be the stroke but something different (Wilbur 1997). A patient suffering from ischaemic stroke shows numbness or some weaknesses of one side of the body. This is called contractual hemiplegia. On the other hand, some may show defects of the face such as dro pping eyelids, and aptosis. Still, others make visual

School District Budget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School District Budget - Essay ExampleTo this end, in developing the work out for the forth coming 2008/2009 financial year, the district education board consulted a wide range of stakeholders much(prenominal) as the district staff, the p arents association and the community representative before arriving at the final document. All project activities in the budget are assigned to the relevant stakeholders identified in the budget paper.Budget tuition begins with the adoption of a specific timetable that will guide the implementation of the budget development at both the various stages, which is presented to the Education Board. It happens almost concurrently with the release of the governors budgetary proposal. By this arrangement, a platform is created for the instruct of the governors budget with all its allocations to the individual schools, in order to provide the needed framework for the final budget.Principals and mangers are then served with copies and expected to work in partnership with broad based community involvement to arrive at a feedback to be incorporated into the final budget. The feedback is treated as Certificated Staffing to be filed with the Director, Fiscal Services.The beside important step in the process is the discussion of the budget along all its highlighted assumptions.

Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Democracy - Essay ExampleWith that being said, what makes democracy American to start with? First, democracy is a political system or form of government of the nation living in a contract territorial ground which it also protects. Undoubtedly, it runs with promulgated rules and laws that are embedded in a constitution which people have to abide with. Second, sovereignty rests on the people therefore they are given the right of voting or the right to vote. (What is democracy?, 2004) This also means that major decisions and issues must be throw to the electorate to decide. Within this context, the majority rule is followed. Thirdly, democracy is always directed to work for the common good of the corporation covering the fields of education, food, shelter, environment protection, safety and order. Fourthly, democracy always considers the respect for the dignity of man and his personalised freedoms such as freedom of religion, freedom of expression, among others. Learning from the above, what else does not work with democracy? According to the internationalistic IDEA The relationship between democracy and development is the key challenge.

Steve Wozniak (Co-Fonder of Apple) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Steve Wozniak (Co-Fonder of apple) - quiz ExampleWozniaks father played an important role in his early life to aid him gain an interest in electronics. He used to get his son electronic equipments so that he could learn on his own. He gifted Wozniak a radio kit at the age of septet and a heavy electronics kit the next year. Wozniak used to experiment on the equipments and learnt from those experiences. He used to obtain pieces from the market and tried fashioning his own electronic accessories. Every time he succeeded in making one, he would try again to make it and with the use of fewer accessories. The books n of all time really appealed to him but still he was well ahead of his classmates and was able to build a computer in his sixth grade that could play tic-tac toe. When he turned fourteen, he made a fully fledged work out device which could do binary additions and subtractions, for which he also received an award. In his own words, It was all self-done I didnt ever take a course, didnt ever buy a book on how to do it. incisively pieced it together in my own head.(Wozniak & Smith, 2006) By the time he was enrolled in college he was expert comely to design and build functional computers. One of his early inventions was the blue box which he created to make enormous distance phone calls for free. Although this was illegal, it showed Wozniaks talent in the use of electronic circuitry. He applied to Caltech University for high education but his application was rejected. He joined the University of Colorado in the year 1968 to pursue applied science major but transferred to the University of Berkeley for his sophoto a greater extent year. The theoretical study in his university courses never really appealed to him. He was to a greater extent interested in the practical work and that is why he decided to drop out of university later on his junior year (Cantlay). In 1975 the only concept of ad hominem computers was that they were available in kit physique and had to be properly assembled in a big box which contained a lot of switches and wires. The first ever own(prenominal) computer kit commercially available was known as the Altair 8800 which could only do curb tasks even after being properly assembled. The amount of work required was tedious and did not ceaselessly end in the correct way. Wozniak decided to build a personal computer for himself because he was unavailing to afford an Altair 8800. His idea behind a personal computer was that it should be user-friendly and could do more tasks like calculation and load video games. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak were intent on taking the personal computers to general public. They founded the orchard apple tree Company and decided to promote their first product under its name. Wozniak pioneered the companys first personal computer device and named it Apple I. The Apple Company brought about a major breakthrough in the computer industry by making the personal computers availa ble to millions of people worldwide. The computers that were previously available in the market were not user friendly and mostly had to be bought in different parts and assembled at home. Wozniak was thinking ahead of the time and he planned on building computers that could also have a video display. The big companies like Hewlett Packard and IBM was skeptic on the idea of using microprocessors for computers and the prospect of success did not seem very bright for Job and Wozniaks newfound Company. (Kendall, 2000).Wozniak and Jobs sold off some of their personal belongings in order to pool in money for the equipments needed to build the computer. The first Apple I was built in a garage

Compare shopping online with traditional shopping Essay - 1

Comp be obtain online with tralatitious shopping - Essay ExampleEach of the items to be purchased are made physic every(prenominal)y visible to the buyers who are then able to make rational decisions based on their spending patterns.On the other hand, online shopping allows individuals to buy their favorite products without having to go the sellers to get the purchased items. Decisions are based on the images that can be seen on the internet which may not portray the actual nature of the products. This tends to limit the buyers as they are unable to accurately choose their actually taste and preferences. However, on-line shopping saves time since slew do not encounter to visit the stores but can have the products delivered at the comfort of their homes (Belew & Elad, 2012)It has been established that online shopping provides a sense of ease and comfort as opposed to walking all through the streets and shops as they hunt for the things that they want. One is saved from the stru ggles such as going through crowds, waiting in immense queues in order to make their purchases as in the case of traditional shopping (Wan, 2009). As a result, on-line shopping offers a sense of relief and peace of mind which many raft are lacking in the current world. On-line shopping is marked by increased level of insincere which is not a case in the traditional shopping trends. On-line shoppers experience a group of disappointment during shipping and delivery of the goods ordered for. This is witnessed in the delay in the delivery of goods and services that have already been paid for. Fraudsters are likely to take advantage of on-line shoppers and steal from them. Many people have lost their money through on-line shopping by not carrying out all the safety measures that are recommended during on-line shopping.Traditional shopping is regarded to be very convenient for most people especially those who are rarely at home and lacks time to compare different prices of commodities . This is more get for the people who work outside of their homes

Free topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Free topic - Research Paper ExampleHowever, the power of mythology evolves from its strength to communicate the existing requirements for identity element within a human society (Williams, 2-3). The cultural as swell as religious identity related to Hinduism is considered as quite broad. In Hindu mythology, there are more than 330 million role models that are most likely to validate the persons identity who have been framed in pace with the developing mankind since ancient times (Doyle, Hindu Mythology). dissertation Statement Two short stories have been considered in the discussion henceforth, i.e. the Story of Yayati and the Incarnation of Vishnu as a Fish with the sole intention to obtain a snap off knowledge regarding the linkage of cultural values, philosophies and beliefs sensed by Indians with Hindu mythology. Hence, the chief objective of the discussion will be to obtain a better in-sight to the rudiments of Hindu mythology. Rudiments of Hindu Mythology Being the ancien t most religion, Hindu mythology presents a complete culture along with some distinct but highly valuable principles of human life which bear bring integrity and prosperity within the mankind. As the inherent values, ethos and principles of human culture are secure as a complex purpose, various stories have been described in Hindu mythology rendering a comprehensive understanding of morality and justness within human society. One of the rudiments of Hindu mythology depicts that women fulfill a dominant role as Shakti possessing the power of creation as well as last (Goel, The Sacred Feminine in Hinduism). As demonstrated in Ramayana, Kaikeyi (the third wife of King Dasharath) and Manthara (Kaikeyis maid) played the fundamental roles to cause the exile of Rama from Ayodhya which certainly caused destruction at the primary view, but for a greater good, i.e. the death of Ravana. Again, in the Story of King Yayati, Devyani (the daughter of sage Shukracharya) was shown imposing a s chool impact on the decision making of her father causing the curse of King Yayati (Joshi, The Story from Mahabharata). some other rudiment of Hindu mythology emphasizes on the aspect that there is one Supreme Soul, God who is the ecclesiastic and destructor of the cosmos. He is one who preserves the mankind and also punishes them according to their achievements (Hindu Wisdom, Symbolism in Hinduism). This bad-tempered belief can be observed apparently with reference to the story of Matsaya Avatar by churchman Vishnu. Matsya Avatar by Lord Vishnu is thought to have taken place in Satya Yuga when the Lord undone the life on earth due to the unsystematic and unjust practices of human kind (Purucker, Section 4 Galaxies and Solar Systems their Genesis, Structure, and Destiny). It can be stated that the Law of Karma is basic principles of Hinduism. Karma tends to generate its fruits in the lay down of pain as well as pleasure. It can be observed from the story of Yayati that King Y ayati had been blessed by Shukracharya because of Kings own Karma or deeds to have a secret relationship with Sharmishtha. Furthermore, the Law of Karma has also been reflected in the story of Matsaya Avatar where the demon, Hayagriva was defeated by Lord Vishnu owing to his deed of stealing the precious Vedas and hampering the creation of life on earth (Sivananda, Hinduism). The Matsya or Fish Avatara According to the Satapatha Brahmana, a Hindu sacred text

History of oil and gas in China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of oil and blow out in china - Research Paper ExampleWith a mounting population of more than 1.3 trillion people, mainland China depends greatly on other countries for prime resources, for example, oil and gas. In order to enhance its crosstie with other Southeast Asian nations, China always considers diplomatic action over military intervention, curiously in regards to disputed territories like the Scarborough Shoal in South China Sea. China is frequently twisty in a political clash with Malaysia perhaps, it is due mainly to the two countries diplomatic dissimilarities. Nevertheless, Chinas ties with Malaysia are dependent in that China relies on the huge oil and gas resources of Malaysia in return of Chinas defense form _or_ system of government and assurance for Malaysia. At the present, Malaysia is the largest producer of petroleum products in the Southeast Asian region, constituting more than fifty Students Last Name 2 percent of the oil and gas production in area (Global Security, South China Sea and Natural Gas). Ironically with China, while it possesses significant deposits of oil and gas reserves, they do not substantially account to the worlds aggregate oil supply its inherent gas reserves is merely one over twenty of the worlds oil and gas reserves (Li and Du 1). ... early(a) on in history, nearly 500 B.C., consistent with some historical accounts about China, the old Chinese express about wells with depth of 100 feet holding significant volume of water and natural gas. Also, the Chinese were pioneers in conceptualizing the use of bamboos to serve as pipelines to draw natural gas and oil from wells. These corned gas and oil were originally used for lighting (Business Reference Services, History of Oil and Gas industriousness). In addition, the Chinese eventually imperild in searching and excavating wells with depths of over 2000 feet (American Petroleum Institute, All about Petroleum - As Old as History). While China was the first arena to venture in the exploration and excavation of oil and natural gas reserves, it was not the first country to care innovative approaches in developing petroleum products like kerosene, gasoline, etc. It commenced to adapt a modernistic mode in developing oil and gas products only during the 1950s. Even up to the present, China is comparatively Students Last Name 3 fresher in modern oil and gas discovery and production compared to the US. Initially, China was an oil importer but later managed to become independent and even became an exporter between 1965 and 1993 however, it went back to existence an importer in 1993 (Li and Du 1). At first, China imported oil products such as Kerosene in 1863 and in 1949, the country independently produced crude oil nonetheless, Chinas need for oil exports from other countries was never eradicated until later on the discovery of the enormous Daqing oil ground in the 1960s that made China ultimately oil-independent (1). Eventually, from b eing an oil importer, China turned out to be an oil exporter. In fact, between 1978 and 1985,

Women’s rights in America in the 1920s Essay Example for Free

Wo workforces rights in America in the 1920s demonstrateThroughout the ages women have been stricken with often male-made oppression in m each forms on the long, difficult passageway to their eventual initiation into equal rights. Some aspects of womens rights today were obtained by questionable intend in the past. One such act of liberation by questionable means was the introduction of a chassis of women in the 1920s known as flappers. These flappers were the beginning of a new wave of familiarly and intellectually liberated women. Women of this age wore short skirts and revealing clothing in addition to cutting their hairsbreadth into bobs and skunk and drinking publicly. These women were withal outspoken in many areas, including matters of art, society, and politics. (The changing values of a new multiplication)Many argued that these women were the source of much moral corruption and social confusion during the age. A large name of people believed that flappers were rowdy, trouble-making, time-wasting, destructive women and that their damaged morals were in need of correcting. In the eyes of many critics, flappers were a prime example of the growing basality, irresponsibility, inconsideration, impatience, stupidity and egoish personal absorption of todays pistillate youth. Still others matte up that the flappers were simply lazy and their lifestyles were not only evil and blasphemous but in addition unhealthy for the soul, body, and mind. Secretary of Labor, James Davis said in September of 1922, that the flappers lifestyle revolved mainly nearly sex and substance abuse. It was argued that the heightened displays of sexual submitdom of these flappers promoted lower social morals, larger rates of promiscuity and great irresponsibility in many girlish women.Many people saw flappers as being unintelligent, self absorbed, and were only touch on with their own personal gain, without taking others into consideration. They were often viewed as shameful recluses, and trouble servers. Those who felt that flappers were immoral and corrupt argued that they were bad influences on the younger, more impressionable girls and that they gave their community a bad image. It was said to be inappropriate for any woman to show a substantial about of fleshat any given time, especially in public, therefor, the flappers were seen in an even more negative light due to the circumstance that their dresses only required 3 yards of fabric instead of the traditional 6. Many said that flappers were inconsiderate of others with their uncontrollable behavior and provocative appearances. Their public drinking and smoking was seen by many as vulgar and unladylike. Flappers were also said to be impatient and unintelligent in areas such as schooling, work and typical domestic help obligations.Despite many negative arguments against flappers there were also those who supported them and argued for them, including, of course, the flappers themselve s. Flappers and their supporters looked at their actions as a means of promoting their sexual and intellectual liberation from the former, male-based structure of society. These supporters of such female liberation believed that flappers had earned the right to their free and passionate lifestyles and that they should be respected just as much as the men of the community. Such flapper collaborators felt that they were self-sufficient and reliant as well as intelligent and feminine. Flappers often wore makeup with their short hair and flowingly skimpy clothing.They kept themselves slim and fit and exercised often. These women spent a great deal of money to instigate their flapper fashion and image. They felt that they were independent as well as responsible in their free-spirited fight for compare and freewill. They argued that they were not immoral in their lifestyle and that their behavior was in fact far from destructive but, instead, was parcel to work towards creating social equality. (The New feminism of the 1920s)Flappers were not in fact only concerned with standing out and being noticed. They were not simply fashion and image-driven, selfish women, but were strong, self-willed, independent young feminist citizens who were fighting passionately for their right to stable equality amidst a prominently male-driven world. These women pushed aggressively for their social, professional, and sexual freedom which they felt were hard-earned and well overdue. Many flappers wished to pursue positions in careers which would otherwise be deemed unacceptable for the number women of the time. They hoped that by breaking away from social normalitys that they could eventually obtain equality in all important aspects of life while hopefullyalso allowing them entry into many professional fields which would normally be unaccessible to women.It is beyond confrontation that many of the questions of the flapper age were presented with a certain amount of dubiety by many brave independent women seeking fairness and equality. These women took their lives and futures into their own hands and with all the courage and object they could muster they threw their hopes and expectations for equality upon the world. The flappers were passionate, lively young women with aspirations of possessing the same basic human rights that were possessed by the men of the age.Though their aggressively displayed fashion and ideas came as quite a shock to most people at first, after the differences became more accepted by the general public objections were able to be put aside, to make way for some real changes. Despite the many controversies surrounding the flappers and their ideals the fact remains that due to their man and involvement in history a great deal of significance changes were brought about whether for the good or bad that of todays society which have greatly expanded upon womens rights and equality.

The moral and political status of children Essay Example for Free

The chaste and policy-making status of children EssayThe children rights be human rights given to children with specific attention to the rights of special c atomic number 18 and defense to minors. Children have the rights to associate with both parents, basic needs such as food, human identity healthcare, statement and criminal practice of uprightnesss. The interpretation of the rights of children ranges from permitting the children the autonomous capacity action to enforcement of children being mentally, physically and emotionally free from abuse. most(prenominal) states defines a child as a human being below the age of eighteen, unless under the law that is applicable to the child. The question of whether the legally accorded rights should be afforded to children, and what extent and nature of the anticipated rights should be, has elicited vigorous debates among sociologists and law experts. The movement of the childrens rights john be attributed to the inclined conc erns in the society over the individual rights and the deferred payment of a child abuse as a challenge to the society.Thesis Statement Children should not be given equal rights to adultsThe idea of children being afforded legally recognized rights is a revolutionary subject in numerous approaches. Historically, the children were taken care of by their parents. However, since they are presumed by the law to lack the capacity of adults, they are denied extended participation in legal, social and political processes. According to Smyth (2013, p. 47) children are afforded special protection by a majority of the states. However, today most scholars consider the control to be oppressive and harmful to children. The great volume of the scholarship literature referencing the multiple approaches of affording the expression to the notion that children should have rights, the content of the rights and the actual training f the rights. There is no yet a coherent speculation of the rights o f children that is hardly surprising (Couzens 2007, p. 91). The subscribe to for enforcement and recognition of the rights of children attracts the attention of various societal believes. One hurdle in the development of coherent surmise of the rights of children is the fact that in defining the childrens rights, it is significant to consider the children status as being a member of a family group and as an individual.Glendon argues that rights are good and essential however, they have dominated the public discourse in unhealthy ways. Referring to Fernando (2001, p. 221) children rights are by nature individualistic and frequently unable to recognize with the non-individualistic struggles in the society. Glendon further writes that children rights are legalistic and spurious law talks they contain have corrupt debates from the public. Likewise, the rights ground on the claims of powerlessness to slow the dislocation and destruction of the formerly thriving communities by both u rban renewal and de-industrialization destroy the society. The libertarianism provides that rights have drawn a distinction between adults and children. They assert that the childrens rights are rational, a creation of divine and persuasion of occupys. According to the theory, moral rationality is the ability of an individual to mind about justifications and actions (Archard Macleod 2002, p. 173). Thus, the beings that can reason about moral matters should be accorded moral worth. Therefore, being given rights delegacy being of moral reason. Consequently, the conception of rationality avoids the paternalistic counter that a person is not playing rationally to be forced to do so. So, by virtue of the lack of capacity that adults have, children should not be accorded similar rights to adults. Likewise, the functionalism asserts that every part of the society should contribute to the societal stability. According t the functionalism there is an hostelry that exists in the society that brings social stability. Therefore, the children lack the capacity to stabilize the society. In similar assertions, the Marxist theory underscores that the property within the state belongs to the individuals who created the wealth. Therefore, only people who work should usefulness in the labour evenly (Smyth 2013, p. 175). Therefore, by virtue of the inability of children to take the unrightfully profits and possessions as a claim of rights would not benefit them.ConclusionThe correct policy of childrens rights lies somewhere between the extremes of minimum intervention and maximum coercive. Therefore, to set the limits state intervention, the correct policy that lies in the correct application of the childs standard of interest is significant. In a nutshell, there must be a safety net and no non-interventionist can be absolute. The children must be protected from dangers, but they should not have equal rights in the society.ReferencesArchard, D., Macleod, C. M. (2002). T he moral and political status of children. Oxford, Oxford University Press.Couzens, M. (2007). Autonomy Rights versus Parental Autonomy. UN Childrens Rights Convention Theory Meets Practice Proceedings of the International interdisciplinary Conference on Childrens Rights, 18-19 May 2006, Ghent, Belgium. 419-439.Fernando, J. L. (2001). Childrens rights. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications.Smyth, C. (2013). Is the right of the child to liberty safeguarded in the putting surface European Asylum System?. European Journal of Migration and Law, 15, 2.)Source document

The Colliding of Black Holes Essay Example for Free

The Colliding of Black Holes Essay natural philosophy is just a world of simplicity explained with logic and math. The fact that we are brave enough to be examining the vast universe with its components nowhere close to the size of humans fills the streak of intimidation. The universe acts as a system of equilibrium just like the law of preservation of energy it also follows the law of conservation of mass/matter. The biggest contributors, still veiled with mysteries are Dark Matter, Black Holes, WIMPs, and Higgs Bosons etc. Black holes are astray studied and its powers are simulated over hundreds of labs around the world. However, the one that caught my attention was related to Colliding of Black Holes. On a fundamental level, it is a come up-known fact in the world of astrophysics that opprobrious holes are bodies with huge energy with the ability to destruct anything in its way, some scientists even refer to it as the, Ultimate scraps disposal of the universe. Jumping up to the next few levels where two of such black holes set out in contact.According to studies, the surrounding space-time surge and undulate causing a severe straining in the space-time fabric. This warp is so complicated that even the incredibly high levels of calculations in mathematics fail to clearly explain the phenomenon. Even though physicists halt simulated many different probabilities nailing protrude the perfect explanation has non been possible. However, many theories have floated up. The two black holes may join and sour a supermassive black hole.The region of Space-time may undulate so much that a authorized region around the two bodies would possibly even allow backwards time travel. Most of these theories have Einsteins general relativity as the backbone. Theories and hypothesis lead to the evolution in science. When you guess the above phenomena, as a high school student I would probably relate it to something so much simpler like may be the nitrogens laws. E ven though I would not be able to nail the actual consequence I would get an idea of the scale of the consequence.Newtons third law states that every action has an equal and opposite reaction if two black holes with destructive gravitational forces move against each early(a) it is obvious that they interact on each other with the same force hence, causing an immeasurable damage which is simple enough for us to understand and well enough explains the basic consequence. but if you want a simpler explanation youd probably want to scarcely watch it from a distant, it would be quite a rive for any material to be swirling in its vicinity.

Bank of Japan Essay Example for Free

wedge of japan EssayJapan underwent a decade-long odyssey with deflation and the zero-bound problem. sparing activity in Japan slowed precipitously following the collapse of the socalled bubble economy in declination 1989, and Japan began to experience deflation by early 1995. During this initial period, while the economy was slowing, forecasters and policymakers consistently underestimated the extent of Japans economic malaise. Consequently, while monetary policy seemed appropriate in terms of the prevailing outlook, the defecation proved woefully inadequate in hindsight.Convinced that Japans economic fundamentals were all overly severely distressed to be rectified with standard monetary policy measures, on skirt 19, 2001 the Bank of Japan announced a new policy of quantitative easing, in an attempt to piddle the nations stagnant economy. Under this policy, the BOJ increased its current distinguish target far beyond the level of commercial bank required reserves. This had the expected impact of reducing the already-low overnight call say effectively to zero. In addition, the BOJ committed to swan the policy until the core consumer expense index registered stably a zero percent or an increase year on year. Such a policy was rare in the history of profound banking in any country.Available Choices and Key DecisionOn March 2006, which is five years after the quantitative easing policy embarked, the issue concern it was bring abide to the desk. The Japanese economy was improving at that time and the core consumer price index (CPI) was showing even growth after years of deflation, one of the predetermined conditions for lifting the policy. As such there was widespread supposition over the future of the policy. One question arisen Would the current quantitative easing policy persist or would the BOJ return to a normal monetary stance that targeted interest rates? On March 9th 2006, the central bank made the widely expected decision to lift the qu antitative easing policy.The BOJ also draw up a set of measures aimed at averting possible market turmoil that could result from lifting the policy. The fit from QF was announced as follows The outstanding balance of current accounts at the Bank of Japan will be reduced towards a level in line with required reserves. the reduction in current account balance is expected to be carried out over a period of a few months, pickings full account of conditions in the short-term currency market. The process will be managed through and through shot-term silver market operations. With respect to the outright purchases of long-term interest-bearing Japanese government bonds, purchases will continue at the current amounts and frequency for some time.Thus, the BOJ make it clear that the reduction of the excess reserves would be conducted through adjustments of its liquidity operations and not by a rapid reduction of its portfolio of Japanese government securities. In fact, the BOJ announce d that it actually would maintain its outright purchases of long-term Japanese government bonds at the pace of 1.2 million yen per month. On the same day the BOJ made its decision, the Japan Investment Council, a ministerial-level panel chaired by Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, agreed to set a target of doubling the amount of direct investment in Japan by oversea investors to 5% of gross domestic product over the beside four years.Personal Decision and ReasonSince the BOJ has supplied extremely ample liquidity with current account balance at the bank as the main operating target and the core consumer price index registered stably a zero percent or an increase year on year as the shipment has already been maintained, the impart from QE is preferred choice that BOJ should make. At that time, exports have continued to increase reflecting the expansion of overseas economies. With respect to domestic private demand, business-fixed investment has also continued to increase against the backdrop of high embodied profits. Meanwhile, the output gap is gradually narrowing. Unit labour costs generally face weakening downwardly pressures as wages began to rise amid productivity gains. Furthermore, firms and households are shifting up their expectations fro inflation. In this environment, year-on-year changes in the consumer price index are expected to remain positive.From all the aspects, BOJ had already fulfilled the commitment made when the quantitative easing started to carry out. Therefore, it was time for BOJ to return to a normal monetary stance that targeted interest rates. And the outline BOJ used when exit from QE was preferred. The advantage was that the exit of QE was predominantly limited to just one item on the BOJs balance sheet and that the balance sheet adjustments were conducted through operations directly with the banking sector, which facilitated the management of the exit process. Since the central bank was set to maintain zero interest rates for some time, the exit from QE would rid of the undesirable effect of inducing the flow of individual investors duns into high-risk, high-return instruments and avoid the case rise to speculative money games played out in some corners of the real estate and stock markets.Last but not least, the process of exit from QE showed a collaborative relationship between BOJ and the government. It was a good example for BOJ to maintain a good communication with the government in order to avoid negligent lapses and avoid the aberration to the economy like which happened during the late 1980s due to the governments excessive influence over monetary policy. This decision lead BOJ one step forward to banks autonomy from the state. any in all, the exit from QE in Japan had been considered a success and its experience may serve as a useful example for other central banks.

Stranger on a Train - Alfred Hitchcock Essay Example for Free

Stranger on a Train Alfred Hitchcock EssayThe very first scene when Bruno meets computerized axial tomography, Bruno is represent as a baddy by having shadows of blinds cast across his face. These symbolised the bars of a prison. There in like manner is a close up shot of his shoes, which visualises them as being very expensive and posh. In Medcafe, when Guy meets his wife Miriam to have the meeting with the counsellor, it is based in a very sinister environment in a music shop. This is when Miriam cheats on Guy and says t don she is going to stay married to him. When Bruno visits Guy on the evening of the murder outside Guys house, they both end up standing and talking to each other behind a barred gate from the cameras point of view. It is at this point when Guy calls Bruno crazy. Bruno begins to invade Guys life after murdering Miriam, as he wants Guy to kill his father. Bruno has a close up shot done of his hands when his baffle is acting as though she is his servant and this shows that Bruno has no respect for his mother, provided more than his father. This is shown when Bruno says that his mothers painting looks and like his father.Brunos mothers painting is very strange and sinister, and could symbolise that Brunos mother has a twisted mind too. spell Bruno is at his house we also see him dressed in an expensive silk dressing gown, which symbolises his wealth. He also has a personalised tie and very smart suit, which he says he doesnt like but his mother bought for him so he wears it to impress her. Bruno al appearances wears a hat but Guy never does. This is because the hat causes a shadow to be cast across his face, which shades his eyes.Bruno first meets Guys family and friends at a lawn tennis match and he pretends he is Guys friend and his admirer. Anne Morton then begins to wonder about him as he keeps stark(a) at Barbara and her glasses. Guy gets a package delivered to him, which contains a gun and a plan of Brunos house to show w here Brunos Fathers bedroom is. Guy next sees Bruno at a party where all his friends and family and acquaintances are. Here Bruno starts a converse with a lady about how to murder someone without other people hearing or seeing.He then says he will show her how to, and when he goes to demonstrate it he sees Barbara, who looks like Miriam and falls into a trance. Anne Morton worked out that it was Bruno who murdered Miriam and wanted to go to the police force but Guy explained that he couldnt tell the police because Bruno would say that they had planned it together. Anne Morton then went to Brunos house to try and explain to Brunos mother that she had a lunatic for a son but Brunos mother would not hear a bad word against him.So Guy phoned Bruno to tell him that he would kill his father and agreed on the date as that night. When Guy arrived at Brunos House he followed the instructions to get to Brunos fathers room and once there he woke up Brunos father. Brunos father, it false out , was not at home that night but instead, Guy found Bruno lying there and had an line of descent Bruno said he would get Guy caught somehow. Guy explained this to Anne Morton and they remembered that Bruno had Guys lighter.Anne and Guy came up with a plan to confuse the police the slip and get to the fairground before Bruno and stop him framing Guy. The plan would only work sincerely well they decided, if Guy won the first three sets of the tennis competition, but the plan went wrong as Guy was beginning to get tired. He finally won the tennis match and got away temporarily from the police but not successfully. The police caught up with Guy and tried to take him back to detain but Guy and Bruno started to have a fight on the merry-go-round at the fairground.Here Bruno wants retaliate so much because Guy has not killed his father you can see it in his eyes and the way he acts, he is so eager to get back at Guy. The man in bearing of the boating lake pointed out the man who he h ad seen follow Miriam onto the boating lake and the police assumed it was Guy but when the got hold of Guy the man corrected them and said it was Bruno not Guy. Even when Bruno was lying dying on the destroyed merry-go-round he was still trying to get Guy into trouble and it was only when he finally died that the police believed Guy and found Guys lighter in Brunos hand.

Lifespan Development Essay Example for Free

Lifespan cultivation EssaySet off by Margret Baltes, Paul Baltes and their associates, the purport-time span perspective is the viewing of gentleman development as multi directing, multi cultural, multi contextual,multi disciplinary and shaping. Human development is viewed as multi-directional because with time the characteristics of a human tend to change. Each persons body consists of a large amount of genes and therefore bring the possibility of having some(prenominal) different directions that they could develop. distinguishable events in life cease kick in to a change in direction. Some examples of those events may be the death of a loved one, losing a job, getting married, getting into college. etc. Researchers have used the multi directional perspective to figure out that losses and gains tend to occur simultaneously and that losses can lead to gains and gains can lead to losses. Human development is seen as multi contextual because it occurs in various context s much(prenominal) as physical surroundings and the constellations of family. Urie Bronfenbrenner was the first to shine unclouded on the need to consider multiple contexts.He recommended that when conducting a developmental claim we should use an ecological-systems approach. This involves the belief that the individual should be considered in all contexts and interactions that life consist of in the study of human development. Bronfenbrenner later changed the name of this approach to bioecological to show the natural and biologic aspects of this theory. There argon three nested levels that each person is affected by. Microsystems is immediate surroundings such as friends, school, church and family.Exosystems is local institutions such as place of employment, school, and religious courses. Macrosystems involves the larger contexts such as political, economic science and culture. Bronfenbrenner created a fourth system called mesosystem that connects all the systems together. An example of mesosystem would be the connection between family and employment. Family leave policies and overtime are examples of family and employment connections. Bronfenbrenner created the chronosystem or time system which also has an affect on the other systems.Development is viewed as multi cultural because there are many different cultures in the world today. Social scientists string culture as a meaning and information system, shared by a group and contagious across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival . . . pursue happiness and wellbeing, and derive meaning from life (Matsumoto, 2009) Development is multi disciplinary because researchers must study various make ups to understand it. Scientists usually break the study of human development into three segments to study it better. The segments are biological, cognitive and social.Each segment is a discipline that a scientist specializes in. It is also segmented in age groups such as squirthood , adolescence and adulthood. Development is plastic because the traits of humans can be molded much like plastic and people are change little like plastic. Two Theories of Life Span Development The first theory is Erik Eriksons theory of psychosocial development. He believed that personality was developed in floors. One of the main aspects of Eriksons theory was the ego identity. This is the conscious virtuoso of self that we develop during social interactions.According to Erik, it is constantly changing as we experience new things and gyp new information during our daily interactions with others. Erikson also believed that behaviors and actions were motivated with a maven of competence. Each part of Eriksons theory involves becoming competent in an area of life. The individual go out feel a sense of mastery referred to as ego quality or ego strength if the stage is handled well. The person will feel a sense of inadequacy if the stage is not handled properly. He believed that pe ople experienced a conflict that acted as a turning point during each stage.In his view, these conflicts were focused on creating a psychological quality or failing to create a psychological quality. The second theory is jean Piagets theory. His theory is composed of four stages. The sensorimotor stage is from birth to 2 years and suggests the the nestling builds a set of concepts about reality through physical interactions. Pre running(a) stage occurs between ages 2 and 7. The child is unable to understand logic and cognitive thinking. They understand symbolic things and have acquired motor skills. Concrete operational stage occurs between the ages 7 and 11.Children are aware of external events. They develop operational thinking and can show logical reasoning. The formal operational stage occurs from the age of 11 to 16 and onward. Those who reach this stage have developed abstract reasoning and can easily think logically. How Heredity and Environment reckon Development Heredity and the environment both play an important part in human development. The heredity factors affect all aspects of development. Genes have a tremendous affect on the birth, puberty, growth and death of a human being. Many traits are transmissible from our family members and determine how we develop.Our genetics help to determine how we might act. For example, if there is a history of mental problems in your family then you might be prone to mental illnesses as well. The environment also helps in the human development process. The way we act, dress, talk, etc can be affected by our surroundings. For example, if you are raised in the ghetto then you might be prone to violence, drugs, baggy clothes, and slang talk. growing up around violence and drugs might make a person develop into a drug abuser or participate in violent activities.The people we surround ourselves with also affect our development. If we are surrounded by violence and drugs then we might think that it is a normal w ay of life and we might also participate in these activities. If we are not subjected to these types of activities then we have a less chance of getting involved in these activities. Conclusion In conclusion, the life span perspective sheds light on the many aspects of human development. It is multi directional because our lives can go in many directions as a result of different life changing events.It is also multi cultural as there are several different cultures involved. There are many different contexts involved in human development such as our physical surroundings and family constellations. Multiple disciplines are studied in order for researchers to understand human development. Human development is also referred to as plastic because it can be shaped and molded mediocre like plastic. Our development is greatly affected by genetic factors and environmental factors such as inherited qualities and the people and activities we are surrounded by.

Poverty Alleviation Strategy Essay Example for Free

privation Alleviation Strategy EssayPoverty anyplace is a threat to prosperity everywhere. It is a scrooge and one of the worst curses and miseries that a human disregard face. According to Homer. This , this is misery The last, the worst that man can feel. Poverty can be measured each in absolute terms, for example, the takings of those who cannot afford more than than two pairs of shoes, or in relative terms, for example, the number of the shortsightedest ten percent of house holds. In either sense it is a concept, which is defined arbitrarily . Poverty exists not only because incomes are low, but also because the needs of ertain low income business firms are high. Poverty has to the highest degree dimensions, which include scotch, political, loving, environmental and human dimensions. In sparingal terms a county, a region or a household is scurvy when the per capita income of purchasing power of a poor country or household is below a certain minimum standard, th ere are low medical care and wellness facilities, productivity is very low and there is illiteracy.In political terms a country, a regionor a group of populate are poor when they do not have a voice in the community or waitent on other more powerful groups or individuals in nightclub to express their accept rights and hoices. In genial terms leanness in a country a region o a household breeds all types of socially unacceptable behaviors like drug addiction, crime, position, strength ad terrorism in a family or in a community, These factors degrade human self respect, moral and social values of the society as a whole and as a give more and more batch in the community become intolerantand rude towards each other in their day to day life.In environmental dimension, poverty destroys the living environment not only of those who fail in poverty but of all other human beings as well as non-human iving things that depend on the same resources and ecosystem on which those living i n poverty depend and survive. People living in poverty cannot change their behaviors easily because of lack of resources, knolwledge about their own surroundings and education. Thus by destroying their own living environment, the poor in reality are destroying their own resources on which they survive in the considerable run.Poverty in its human dimension is the most important of all, because poor people live in conditions that are miserable, conditions in which some members of their family die of hunger, disease of famine. Poverty in tis human dimension exists, when a kid is down with a curable disease and the parents have to start a decision whether to take the child to a doctor and buy expensive medicines or purchase other essentials of daily use.It exists when parents of a child sell their child into slavery or prostitutionbecause of lack of resources to feed or care for that child and when government institutes fail to protect the rights of the poor. Poverty has emerged as t he most important issue for Pakistan. Poverty redressal requires economic product accompanied by an improvement in access to social run. The reason that economic gain has failed to trickle down to the poor in Pakistan is the slow improvement in social indicators Economic growth and social sector development are interdependent as one reinforces the other.In fact economic growth is necessary for poverty reduction but poverty reduction itself is necessary for sustained growth. The estimates ot poverty are not consistent in Pakistan. According to caloric based calories per person), the incidence of poverty declined sapiently from 46. 5 percent in 1969-70 to 17. 3percent in 1987-88. However , poverty increased significantly in nineties ising from 17. 3 percent in 1987-88 to 22. 4 percent in 1992-93 and further to 31 percent in 1996-97. The recent estimates suggest that poverty ahs further increased from 32. percent in 1998-99 to 33. 50 percent in 1999-2000. This shows that the incid ence of poverty has increased in 19990s. similar trends have been observed in the case of urban and rural poverty. The main reasons for increase in poverty during 1990s can be attributed to the relatively cut rate of economic growth, insurrection unemployment, stagnant real wages, declining flow of workers remittances and bad overnance. In addition to the factors mentioned higher up the high population growth also puts pressure on the merge social services thereby causing social distress.Painting a broad picture of third military personnel poverty is not enough. Before anyone can formulate effective policies and programmes to attack poverty at its source, one needs some specific k nowledge of poverty groupsand their economic characteristics, It is not sufficient simply to focus on bringing up growth tack of Gross bailiwick Product in the expectation or hope that this depicted object income growth will trickle down to mprove levels of living for the very poor.On the contrary many observers implore that direct attack on poverty by means of poverty focused policies and plans can be more effective and one cannot attack poverty directly without detailed knowledge of its location, extent and characteristics. National Economic development is central to success in poverty rest period. But poverty is an outcome of more than economic processes. It is an outcome of economic, social and political processes. To attack poverty requires action at local , interior(a) and global levels.The following actions are equired to be taken y poor people, government, private sector and courteous society organizations. Growth is essential for expanding economic opportunities for the poor. The question is how to achieve rapid, sustainable and pro-poor growth. A business environmental conducive to private investment and technological innovation is necessary, as is political and social stabilityto invite universal and private investments. The poor should be empowered in the tr ue sense.Empowerment means enhancing the capacity of the poor to influence the states institutions that affects their lives by trengthening their mapicipation in political process, and local decision-making. It also means removing the barriers political, legal and social that work against particular groups and building the assets of poor people to enable them to engageeffectively in markets. Enhancing security for poor people which means bring down their vulnerability to such risks as ill health, economic shocks and natural disasters and helping them look at with adverse shocks when they occur.The ultimate cause of the unequal distribution of personal incomes in most third world countries s the unequal and highly concentrated patterns of asset ownership (wealth). The principal reason why little than 20 percent of their population receives over 50 percent of the national income is that this 20 percent plausibly owns ad controls over 90 percent of the productive and financial res ources, especially physical capital and buck but also financial capital (stock and bonds) and human capital in the form of better education.It follows that perhaps more important line of policy to reduce povertyand inequality is to focus directly on reducing the concentrated control of ssets , the unequal distribution ot power, unequal access to education and income earning opportunities. Policies to enforce progressive rates of direct taxation on income especially at the highest levels are, what are most needed in this sector of redistribution activity. Unfortunately, in many developing countries the rich do not show a larger part of their income and assets.Further , they often also have the power and ability to avoid paying taxes without the fear of government. Pakistan is face up twin challenges of reviving growth and reducing poverty. This requires rapid conomic growth keeping in view the factors responsible for(p) for slow growth and rising poverty, the government has form ulated a comprehensive economic revival programmed aimed at reviving economic growth and social development. The government has adopted a multi-pronged approach to promote pro-poor economic growth and reduce poverty.Engendering growth by correcting macroeconomic imbalances and stabilizing the economy has been made the central tug of the governments economic revival program. The government has adopted a sound macroeconomic framework aimed at both(prenominal) stabilizing the economy and stimulating growth. It comprises five building blocks namely tax reforms, expenditure management, prudent fiscal policy, external adjustment and debt management. Implementing broad based governance reforms are essential ingredients of he governments poverty alleviation strategy.Without governance reforms thee enormous tasks of reviving growth and reducing poverty cannot be addressed. Sagging growth and rising poverty are in partresults of the poor performance of the government institutions in Pakist an. In fact, poverty in Pakistan is not merely an outcome of economic ills but also a result of mis-governance over the past(a) years. The main element of reforms are devolution of power at grass roots level, civil services reforms, access to Justice and financial transparency.The care principle of Pakistan poverty alleviation strategy is to empower the people and to create greater opportunities for increasing real income by improving access to productive assets mainly housing, footing an credit. Access to credit is the surest way of empowering thepoor and improving their income generating opportunities. In addition to the already existing financial intuition, thegovernment has now established the Khushhali Bank or Micro Finance Bank for the provision of micro credit to poor communities.The effects of sluggish economic growth are clearly reflected in Pakistans performance in the social sectors, Human development is essential for attracting investment and generating the capacity fo r future sustainable growth. pakistans progress on almost every social indictor e. g. education, health and nutrition is poor as compared with that of other developing countries. In order to address this situation, the government has prepared comprehensive human development strategies aimed at the effective utilization of the usable resource s hrough improved institutional mechanisms.

The Consequences of Colonization Essay Example for Free

The Consequences of Colonization turn outDr Clionadh Raleigh Human Geography. GG1023. Name Louise Schriek Student ID 11759835 Extension Granted for ad misericordiam reasons (Due on the 18/04/2012, turn oer 26/04/2012). Word count 1500 (excluding bibliography).Title The consequences of colonization an interpretation regarding the reputation and causes of the ongoing issues around democracyalism, paganity and imposing index in sub-Saharan Africa since decolonization.Colonial occupation and the manner in which independence was gained and free states were mixture may be a possible explanation for the matters of contention revolving around paganity, nationalism, and states in sub-Saharan Africa to this day. A jump part will expose the reasons for multiple ethnicalities being situated in the same(p) territory, and short letter it with the mainly mono-ethnic governments. A second part will deal with the consequences of this colonial inherited and induced system, prop th at the nature of most sub-Saharan African states and their relations to the nations encompassed within their territories does not necessarily lead to secession, strength or power-contestations, but may partly account for the problems faced by these countries.Many of the territorial boundaries in Africa today have not changed since their definition by colonizers at the Berlin Conference (1884-1885) native social systems were only taken into account, the emphasis having been on the maximization of territory and resources (p93, Cole 2007). The individual colonial institutions and territories formed the ineluctable frame that African nationalists had to confront and operate within to effectively challenge colonial occupation (p11, youngish 2004). Mobilizations against the colonial states then had to identify to and mobilize through with(predicate) the territory and communitys impris unitarynessd by this state, and thereof colonial boundaries were kept as models for the unexam pled rising polite nationstates. The hyphenation of nation and state embodied ideologic requirements to be impersonated to legitimize a discourse of independence in the eyes of European powers (p164, Hutchinson 2004).All chemical groups encompassed in one delimited colonial territory thus needed to be presented as one nation claiming its rights to selfdetermination and due national territory, through a demotic form ofnationalism (Preface, E. K. Francis 1968) with respect to the specific colonial power occupying it. As Robert credit line explains, such(prenominal) of the weakness in African political institutions can be traced back to the colonial period, especially to the transition of political powers with the gain of independence (p136, Stock 2004). The governments put into tramp were composed by an African elite highly influenced by western values and ideologies, having benefited of colonial study (p70, Potter 2008). Elections were impacted and controlled by the colonial po wers efforts to delimit up governments (p7, Saha 2010) that would not seriously challenge the interests of the metropole (p136, Stock 2004), hereby staying implicitly imperialist to keep economical advantages, to not be challenged politically, to impose their political ideologies on these rising free states, and to keep an upper hand on the exploitation and trade of resources in the globalizing economy.The new African governments were thus closely correlated with the previous colonizing powers, and were not necessarily a reflection of the good deal and nations within these states, of their desires and interests, but rather of that of a designated elite monopolizing the power in its own interest. Autonomy itself came from a popular strive of Africans, and vast independence movements fighting for political and economical freedom, encompassed in the continent-wide Pan-Africa ethnic phenomenon as a unitary reaction to colonization (p106, Cole 2007). But the consequent autonomous stat es set up did thus not rise froma common will of the people, but of westernized decisions and a authorized disguised continuation of the society model set up during the colonial era The struggle for African autonomy and the creation of the independent states lacked substantial connection, as it seems that the first did not give birth to the second.It is thus not surprising that in general Sub-Saharan African States do not identify to the nations they were attributed or feel a strong duty of promoting the entirety of their citizens interests, and vice versa. Moreover, it seems that the elite holding political power will have a stronger connection to their own ethnic-nation than to the whole of the macrocosm in their territory (p235, Saha 2010). The greatness of theethnic-factor in the process of nation-building is argued by such figures as Anthony Smith or Walker Connor to be of positive importance (p5, Young 2004). Ethnic belong seems to be a fundament of the current African soc ietal model. This may be traced back to the fact that the civic form of nationalism bringing all ethnic nations of one state together had by no substance been pursued by colonial rulers, hereby facilitating control of populations and minimizing the amplitude of possible nationalistic protest.Most African Governments ar constituted by one political party that will promote the interests of this one ethnicity, and be supported by it. These Uni-party governments are an indispensable part of the system installed by the colonizing powers. A possible interpretation is as that of a vicious circle. The first governments of the new states at independence were mainly representative of only one of the ethnicities comprised in the state. Valuing this fraction of their states population that they shared ethno-national belonging with induced the growing loss of identification and trust of other ethnicities and of their sense of citizenship and belonging to the state as an inherent part of its n ation. Support thus declined, the state responded by growingly disregarding these lots numerous nations peripheral to their system, whom in turn in this opposition may aspire to overthrow the group in power, to defend their interests and gain recognition . Complications seem to derive from the problematic mono-ethnic governmental institutions holding august power.This, amongst other factors, may be a cause for corruption and violence in SubSaharan Countries. It seems that The peripheral ethnicities tighten themselves to the state, not by motive of civic nationalism and positive support, but by lack of means of contestation and politicization, by bribery as they are payed off or compensated (the least possible) for their passivity, through repression by violence, or elimination by mass murder.Various ethnic nations being encompassed in the same state thus usually seems to not lead to the secession of African states. Instead it leads to the fight over the monopoly of state-power be tween the various ethnic groups concerned (p240 Saha 2010). The state, due to its mono-party and mono-ethnicconstitution, only represents a fraction of the citizens that the officially homogenizing civic nation-state, indeed exhibiting national symbols, hymns, history etc (p443, Dirlik 2002) is supposed to take into account. Substantial civic-nationalism and equal treatment of the whole population on its territory, through the distribution of power and wealth, is not reflected. In fact, very few ethno-nationalist socio-political movements in Sub-Saharan Africa have made intractable demands to form their own ethnic states (p5, Saha 2010).Many movements, such as the Sudans Peoples sacque Movement or the Oromo Liberation Front in Ethiopia do not consider secessions as the resolving to their ethnic issues (p5, Saha 2010). These movements are rather looking for better recognition from the political elite, and for a better politico-economic position. It seems thus that ignored ethniciti es, or the peoples nations on the social margins (p6, Young 2004), aspire more to a civic example of nationalism in the states that encomprise them, rather than to the creation of their own ethno-nationalist state, the latter, due to past and present situations, appearing to not be the key to development and stability.Ethnicity is thus an issue in state-politics. Ethnic divisions are very much observable in economic and political hierarchies, and this poses a problem for democratization and civic-nationalism which should be the prominent form of nationalism manifestations in most African countries south of the Sahara due to their multi-ethnic nature.Monopoly of the state by one ethnicity besides holds as consequence the latters ample control of natural resources, which are of major importance in the developing countries of Sub-Saharan Africa, whose economies depend largely on the exploitation of primary resources. Contemporary nationalism advocates the fragmentation ofthe states resources monopoly amongst its citizens (p22, Guiberneau 1999), which is rarely the case in Sub-Saharan Africa.It may be suggested that internal contestations of power and overthrowal- attempts of one ethnic group by another happen to gain access to the resources and wealth that the large national territories that severally state rules over comprise. Added tothis is the large amount of development aid that governments gain access to, but that seems to in general disappear amongst the elite and be used to secure its power-monopoly through bribery, financing violent repressions, and corruption of the populations that are not of the system supporting the party in power(p62, Orijako 2001). The access to this wealth may thus also be an incentive for intra-state tensions.Ethnic differences within nations do not seem to be the reason for intra-state conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa. But they still make the situation of these states problematic. One possible interpretation is thus that it is the mono-ethnic nature of most subSaharan African governments causes intra-state tensions. The cause of this may be traced back to the political, economic, social and territorial structuring imposed by colonial powers during colonial occupation, and generated by the way independence was gained, that is, through the colonial system, and influenced by colonial interests.Bibliography. Montserrat Guibernau and illusion Hutchinson (2001), Understanding nationalism, Polity Press, Great Britain. (Library 320.54 ). . Robert B. Potter, Tony Binns, Jennifer A. Elliot, David Smith (2008- trey Edition), Geographies of Development- An Introduction to Development Studies, Pearson Education Limited, UK.. M. Crawford Young (12/07/2004), Revisiting Nationalism and Ethnicity in Africa, James S. Coleman African Studies Center, UCLA, (Academic article, http//escholarship.org/uc/item/28h0r4sr ). . Arif Dirlik (2002), Rethinking Colonialism- Globalizatio, Postcolonialism, and the Nation, Universit y of Oregon,The International of Postcolonial Studies, RoutledgeTaylor and Francis Group, USA. (Academic Article) . Robert Stock (2004), Africa South of the Sahara- A Geographical interpreting (Second Edition), The Guilford Press, USA. . Santosh C. Saha (Mar 01, 2010), Sub-Saharan Ethnic Attachment And Civil Conflict A Methodological Approach To State-Building And Ethnicity. Journal of Third World Studies Vol. 27, No. 1, p. 235-251(Academic Article). tcd library- EBSCO. . Roy Cole and H.J. De Blij (2007), Survey of Subsaharan Africa- a Regional Geography, Oxford University Press, USA. . E. K. Francis (1968), The Ethnic Factor in Nation-Building, University of due north Carolina Press, USA. (Oxford Journals, Academic Article, http//sf.oxfordjournals.org/ content/46/3/338.short ). . Humphrey Orijako (2001), Killing Sub-Saharan Africa with Aid, Nova Science Publishers, USA.

Research Topic & Research Proposal Essay Example for Free

look for Topic Research Proposal Essay1. What do you think of a good explore topic? What atomic number 18 the mention elements of a good research topic? A good research topic should be of a clear objectives and purpose. It should generate question to discover and find out the underlying problem or understanding a current situation. Therefore the elements of a good research topic is feasibility, are the resources available? How massive the research could take and can that be done with a timeline or it needs to be flesh outed. What are the factors that affect the accuracy of the research and what are the variables that need to be considered In order to assure the up to date presentation of results. Is it worthwhile? Is it relevant to what is used for and search about can what values the research will add into the current practices of the organization? 1. Assume that you interested in doing some research on the impact of select management practices on organizational perfor mance. Write four research questions that may be appropriate.What are the current timbre management practices?What is the link between the quality practices and organization performance To how extend the quality practices effect the overall organization? Are the employees aware of the importance of quality management innovation? What is the impact of quality management on employees behavior? What are the areas of development addressed by the quality management practices? And how it does tactfully eliminate or change the defined shortfalls. How do the overall objectives of the company order with quality management practices? What are the quality management practices standards used in the organization? And does it match ISO 90012008 quality standards?3. What is a research final cause? What are the purposes and key elements of a proposal? Definition It is a schedule that is typically written by a scientist or academic which describes the ideas for an investigation on a original t opic. The research proposal outlines the process from beginning to end and may be used to request financial backing for the project, certification for performing certain parts of research of the experiment, or as a required confinement before beginning a college dissertation.PurposeThere are lots of purposes of research proposal and that could be to investigate an enquiry, finding out about something worthwhile in a particular context. Could be of business ground where is used to finalize a deal or evaluate several provider for a business proposal. Other purposes is to convince the concerned parties about i.g. a product by display the results of the research.

Milk Curdling Essay Example for Free

draw Curdling EssayWeve every(prenominal) seen it, lumpy milk poured from an outdated jug or lemon juice added to warm milk. What was once smooth, chromatic milk catchs chunky, lumpy, and completely unappetizing. But change stated milk isnt always a bad thing. Although it sometimes signifies spoilage, it skunk also be a method of producing more delicious food, like cheese. Milk curdles be clear of a elemental chemical reaction that can be set into place for a variety of reasons. Lets take a closer look at some of those reasons. What is Curdled Milk?Milk is comprised of several compounds, primarily fat, protein, and sugar. The protein in milk is typically suspended in a colloidal solution, which means that the small protein molecules float well-nigh freely and independently. These floating protein molecules refract light and give milk its white appearance. Normally these protein molecules repel from each one other, allowing them to float about without clumping, but when the pH of their solution changes, they can suddenly attract one another(prenominal) and form clumps. This is exactly what happens when milk curdles.As the pH drops and becomes more acidulentic, the protein ( casein) molecules attract one another and become curdles floating in a solution of translucent whey. This clumping reaction happens more swiftly at hot temperatures than it does at cold temperatures. Spoiled Milk All milk, even pasteurized milk, contains bacteria. As bacteria go about happily with their lives, they eat the natural sugars in milk, called lactose. As they digest lactose, a number of byproducts atomic number 18 created, including lactic acid.When the amount of lactic acid in the milk begins to increase, the pH drops and the casein molecules begin to clump. The senior high levels of lactic acid are also what give spoiled milk its characteristically sour smell. Milk and Lemon Juice or Vinegar Its not uncommon for recipes to call for lemon juice or vinegar to be added to milk. In fact, lemon juice and vinegar can be added to milk as a substitute for buttermilk in many recipes. So why does this not cause the milk to curdle? As with many chemical reactions, temperature controls the rate at which the reaction occurs.When adding lemon juice or vinegar to hot milk, it will curdle almost immediately, but adding it to cold milk will not make water a reaction for quite some time. This is the very same reaction used to create snotty-nosed cheeses like ricotta or paneer. Milk is heated to a designated temperature and then an acid (lemon juice or vinegar) is added. formerly the milk curdles, the solid proteins are then strained from the liquid whey and shaped into a review of cheese. In this scenario, curdling has nothing to do with spoilage and is, in fact, very useful.Milk and Coffee or Tea On occasion, cold milk added to coffee or tea will curdle. This can be alarming as curdled milk is often seen as the same as spoiled milk. In this case, it c an be half true. Coffee and tea are both slightly acidic, although usually not enough to curdle fresh milk. When milk is just on the brink of spoilage and bacteria ease up produced some, but not enough acid to curdle the cold milk, a little bit of special(a) acid from the coffee or tea, along with their heat can tip the scale and cause the milk to curdle.The milk may not be spoiled enough to cause an off odor or flavor, but just enough acid and heat in addition to its own can cause curdling. 1. Milk curdles when it goes bad due to the fact is is a colloid. Colloids are nubs that do not separate easily, so they clump together when they start to turn. 2. curdling of milk occurs in different ways with the help of alchemy lets try to understand. The methods of curdling ACIDIFICATION It may occur thanks to milk ferments that transform lactose in to milk acid, taking the milk to 4.6 pH, or for the addition of acid substances RENNET it is, generally, the sweet curdling that occurs than ks to enzymes. The substance that in the milk gets the transformation is casein, a fundamental protein that in the milk is found in a colloidal solution. The casein is a conjugate protein formed (by beside C, H, O, N, S) also phosphorus (P) in the form of ester phosphorous acid of which a part is found inside every unit of a,b,k- salificato casein with calcium and magnesium ions, a part is in the form of tricalcium phospote (apatite) that joins together the units of a, b, k- casein as in the picture.The whole casein micella is called phospho-caseinatum of calcium. The quantity of calcium ions regulates the aggregations state of micelle and the sped of their flocculation without calcium casein cant coagulate. ACID CURDLING In normal conditions milk has a pH of about 6. 5-6. 7 and at this pH value the casein is without protons, it has a disconfirming charge and therefore the casein micelles are relatively soluble, because they repel each others.In an acid ambient milk coagulates, b ecause casein has its isoelectric point at 4. 6 pH, that is at this pH value it has a quantity of positive charges equal to the quantity of negative charges and the positive part of each micelle is attracted by the negative part of the others, causing the formation of ionic bonds among the micelle working against the dipole-dipole bonds with water, so that the protein precipitates in the form of demineralized casein and in the solution remain soluble calcium salts.

The Reductive Carbonylation of Organic Nitro Compounds

The Reductive Carbonylation of Organic Nitro CompoundsIntroductionThe development of environmentally more benign and in effect(p) synthetic methods has stimulated the evolution of new st aimgies and technologies for the price reduction of useful ingatherings in a safe, comp cultivate, and energy efficient manner. In this respect our preliminary focus to investigate typically efficient and complementary methodology with palladium-catalyzed subtractive carbonylation of nitro argonnes employing CO gas. CO represents the most important C1 building block iota to introduce a carbonyl group into p bent molecules.In the last fifty years, the subtractive carbonylation of complete nitro compounds has been the subject of intense research due to the fact that industrially important chemicals can be obtained in a single step. Among these, the most relevant atomic number 18 isocyanates, carbamides and carbamates but also a pattern of heterocycles and former(a) non-cyclic compounds.Isocya nates are commodity chemicals mostly employed in polyurethane synthesis but also intermediates in the production of carbamates and ureas. Polyurethanes are widely applied in almost every part of modern animation in the form of plastic foams, coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomers and binders. The most widely employed aromatic isocyanates are especially toluenediisocyanate (TDI) and 4,4-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) that account statement for more than seven million metric tons per year.Synthesis of IsocyanetesCurrently, industrial synthesis of isocyanates is carried divulge with two step reply process using nitroarenes with very high yield and selectivity. Nitroarenes is usually reduced to match aminobenzine using heterogeneous enactment admixture gas, and subsequently the amine is reacted with phosgene to give corresponding isocyanate along with hydrochloric acid.Phosgene establish synthetic route seemed to be effective and well established technology empl oyed.Major drawbacks of the phosgene based synthesisThere are essentially four major drawbacks with the synthesis of MDI and TDI via phosgene route. The first and most full-grown comment are its extreme toxicity and flammability of phosgene and isocyanates, which make these chemicals extremely difficult to handle in protrude synthesis. Phosgene was used as a chemical weapon during the World War I, and around million citizenry were injured and got killed by the use of poisonous gases.The second major drawback is the production of corrosive hydrochloric acid, rendering the middling very aggressive with time, thus allowing other side reaction to occur and to resolvent in nuclear reactor degradation.The third limiting factor is the dilution of reaction medium as the high dilution is required to avoid recycle and concentration costs. The final drawback is the isolation of pure isocyanate from reaction mixture. The chloride containing side products are difficult-to-remove from the f inal product leading to detrimental to the march on processing of the isocyanate. Considering above drawbacks, any process design incorporating phosgene ordain get otiose costs to ensure a safe environment.Industrial requirements for an alternative isocyanate synthesisIn rules of order to convert the phosgene route, a number of requirements can be make in the ideal scenario. First of all, readily reachable chemicals should be used and second, they should be as harmless as possible. Finally, a one-step synthetic surgery will be the route par excellence. A high general yield, purity and selectivity, a temperature occlude to about 25 oC and the absence of over and/or under pressures in the plant should be preserve ideally.In principle, most of the requirements could be met by an efficient catalytic administration.The accessional requirements such as unloosen Over Frequency (TOF) in the order of 104 h-1 or high, Turn Over Number (TON) in the order of 106 or above and easy recycling of catalyst would be maintained.On this account, the necessity of environmentally satisfying but take over economically competitive phosgene-free route to isocyanates synthesis is most demanding in near succeeding(a). resource routes to TDI and MDIVarious synthetic pathways to isocyanatesReductive carbonylation with Palladium metal catalyzed system has proved to be an effective transition metal catalytic system due to its ability to be oxidized or reduced advantageously during the reaction and high tendency to form complexes with carbamoyl groups.A palladium strongly prefers the oxidation states 0 and +2, which are unconnected by a comparatively narrow energy gap, making palladium an excellent catalyst for both(prenominal) oxidation and reduction reactions. Secondly, the moderately large van der Waals radius of palladium together with the high number of delectrons (favorable d10 and d8 complexes) means that the organometal is classified as rather soft, with a high t endency for concerted reaction as well as a high affinity to soft and - bestowers, leading to useful chemoselectivity. Finally, Pd is relatively electronegative, resulting in a rather nonpolar Pd-C bond, suppressing the reactivity towards polar functional groups.In our preceding(prenominal) report, nitrobenzene was typically used as a model substrate, and the use of palladium proved to result in the most effective catalytic systems. The carbonylation of nitrobenzene is generally performed in methanol using homogeneous palladium complexes support by variable bidentate N- or P- donor ligands. Methyl phenyl carbamate (MPC) was synthesized including other side products.Isocyanates and catalysis at bottom the vast variety of synthetic system for isocyanates, one of the approaches is to catalytically convert a nitro or amine compound to the corresponding isocyanate (see Figure 4). One of the approach using oxidative carbonylation and carboalkoxylation of aniline has been analyze with unhomogeneous catalytic systems. However, aniline create to be synthesized by hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, thus considering industrial application, the most attr dynamic strategy would be direct synthesis of isocyanates from nitro compounds which is also thermodynamically favorable. Reactivity of isocyanates and carbamatesPhosphorus and Nitrogen as donor atomsBoth phosphorus and nitrogen ligands of the YR3 (Y = P, N) type (called phosphines and amines respectively) can be described as sp3 hybrids in a (close to) tetrahedral geometry, having a lone pair on the central atom, capable of donating its electron density to an empty (transition) metal d-orbital. Amines are more electronegative than their phosphine analogues, so it could bind strongly with metal centre. However, unlike amines, phosphines can act as a acid with their * orbitals, so they can be involved in backbonding (providing the metal has operational d-electrons), rendering the overall bond strength larger than would be expected intuitively (see Figure 6). So, the overall bond strength is determined by an interplay of donation and backbonding, the first having an increasing contribution when electropositive/donating substituents are employed, the latter when electronegative/withdrawing substituents are used.In 1990, E. Drent et. al. reported the palladium catalyze reductive carbonylation of nitroarene introducing soft-base ligands like diphosphines in combination with strongly coordinating anions, or expectant-base electron-donating ligands such as phenanthroline, combined with non- or weakly-coordinating anions, resulted in relatively active and discriminating catalytic systems (maximal TOFs (h-1)/ carbamate selectivities (%) = 150/80 and 1600/98 for diphosphines and phenanthroline respectively).General remarks on P and N based systemsIn general, the statement made by Drent already in 1990 that Pd with chelating hard base electron donating ligands such as phenanthroline, combined with non or weakly coordinating anions, can result in relatively active and selective catalytic systems.Has been generally accepted and indeed thoroughly studied in the past decades by several people.On the other hand, the statement that Pd with chelating soft-base ligands like diphosphines in combination with strongly coordinating anions , can result in respectively active and selective catalytic systems.Has not yet been the subject of intense academic studies, most likely due to the poor results that were obtained initially, when compared to the N-donor systems. However, in principle, in that respect is no reason why N-donor systems should be superior to P-donor systems, except that phosphine ligands are known to be easily oxidized, thus troubling both the preparation and use of such systems.On the basis of new-made observations on chelating N-donor systems like 1,10-phenanthroline with electron donating substituents (R) in combination with Pd(II) and a weakly or non-coordinating anions (Y), comprises the most active systems to date (i.e. Pd(Rxphen)2Y2). Since, 1, 10- phenanthroline (unfettered of substituents ) is relatively cheap and readily available, this ligand ligand is most frequently used. Furthermore, the performed catalyst is more active and selective than its in situ formed analogues and in almost all cases a slight excess of free ligand is added. The gain of a BrOnsted acid (with bulky, non-coordinating anion) as a co catalyst , as well as the addition of a substrate related aniline is known to improve both reactivity and selectivity. The experiment is carried out in inert atmosphere and addition of reactive drying agent is also known to be beneficial. The temperatures are mostly around 120 170 oC, and both the concentration of all components and the reaction times are differed considerably. Methanol is used as a typical solvent , which is partially consumed to yield the carbamate, but at times toluene/methanol or other alcohols are used. Finally, th e influence of varying CO pressure results in different reactivity. Most reactions were performed at pCO = 40 80 bar, the best results were obtained at pCO = 100 bar, and the elevated pressures are believed to enhance the reactivity even further.The MechanismThe palladium catalyzed reductive carbonylation of nitrobenzene in methanol has been investigated in gigantic extent. All catalytic reactions were performed using both catalyst harbinger and pre-formed complex resulted carbamate as well as side products. There are frequently reported (side-) products of this reaction are shown in Figure. azobenzene(azo), azoxybenzene (Azoxy), aniline and N.N-diphenylurea (DPU). Azo and Azoxy are resulted as coupling product of nitrobenzene. Aniline and DPU are hydrogenation products which are indicating the presence of moisture in the reaction mixture as well as methanol could be source of H-atom for hydrogenation reaction. DPU is the carbamate analogue of isocyanate reacting with aniline whi ch is the better nucleophile than methanol.The mechanism of reductive carbonylation of nitro compounds into carbamates has been extensively studied with palladium, (substituted) phenanthroline ligands, MeOH as solvent and an acid cocatalyst.The mechanism proposed by Mooibroek et al. seems to be the most complete as it also explains the formation of all side products Scheme . The palladium-imido species L2Pd=NPh (C3) and the palladacycle L2PdC(O)N(Ph)OC(O) (C2) were considered as possible carbonylation product-releasing species for both (substituted) phenanthroline and diphosphine ligated catalytic system. The result of catalytic experiments , supported by spectroscopic (ESI-MS and NMR) compound C2 is not the major product- releasing intermediate in reactions performed in the absence of acid. In the absence of acid, Pd-imido complex C3 is the proposed reaction intermediate releasing PhN-containing (Azoxy, MPC, PhNH2) products. On the other hand, in the presence of acid the palladacyc le complex C2 becomes the major product-releasing intermediate, resulting the nitrobenzene carbonylation product MPC with high selectivity.Different side productsIn all catalytic reactions performed using both catalyst precursor and pre-formed complex resulted carbamate as well as side products. The side product areConclusion and future prospectsIn conclusion, the incentive research output from the last decade facilitated us to understand the catalytic reductive carbonylation reaction of nitroarenes to produce relevant carbamates. The reactivity of PdII compounds supported by 1, 10-phenanthroline (phen) or the bidentate diaryl phosphane has been studied in the reaction of nitrobenzene with CO in methanol. The nitrobenzene reduction chemistry in the Pd/phen/CH3OH/H+ system resulted higher in selectivity but lower in activity wherein Pd/diphospane/CH3OH/H+ system shows higher in activity but lower in selectivity. Based on our continuing interest in reductive carbonylations of nitro-ar omatic compounds and considering the importance towards sustainable synthesis of isocyanates, herein our further approach to develop a ultimate catalytic composition of reactants which can produce highly selective product with high yield having tiny or no side-products. However, despite rationalized molecular mechanism developed by Tiddo et. al. for above catalytic system is still not efficient enough, nor is it exactly clear how the catalyst works. In recent years, Great progress has been made in extending the scope of palladium-catalyzed synthetic organic reactions introducing in-situ reductive carbonylation reaction with CO generated from the solvent molecules. Manirul et. al. have reported polymer anchored ruthenium based catalyst for reductive carbonylation. Raquel et. al. have investigated that gold nanoparticles are efficient in N-carbamoylation of aromatic amines. In this respect, further elucidation of the overall mechanism and research in new directions is pressing require ment to produce effective palladium based reductive carbonylation of nitro-aromatic compounds considering industrial background. Thus, the current research projection will address several issues which are envisaged to be worthwhile to explore. Firstly, the modification of ligand system, secondly the designing of catalyst system, thirdly the mechanism, and finally the use of other additives in the catalyst system to be fine-tuned.Modification of ligand systemThe active species in the catalytic cycle as Pd(0) are seem to be as stalls as possible to prevent inactive metallic Pd(black) formation. Our previous research work were illustrated the sharp observation of the bidentate P or N ligand based Pd-catalyzed system to achieve maximum activity and selectivity. Our further observations are envisaged based on tripodal P and N system to stabilize Pd(0) species as well as Pd(II) species during catalytic transformations. The concept of monolegated active species stabilizing Pd(0) by steri c bulk ligand is rationalized to enhance the reactivity. On the basis of the palladium catalyzed coupling reaction of aryl halides system employed with electron rich N-heterocycle carbene ligand which exhibits flexible steric bulk environment, Several factors will be assumed to be execute in these system 1) electron-rich nature enhances the rate of oxidative addition, 2) the ligands engineer tightly to the Pd to prevent the formation of Pd black, and 3) their steric bulk favors a 12 electron, monocarbenePd L-Pd species and increases the rate of reductive elimination.Variation in carbamate synthesisThe formation of carbamates in the catalytic system utilizing PdII, phenantroline, acid and discordant nucleophile has been studied extensively to find an alternative for MeOH as nucleophile. The objective is to yield a carbamate or urea which can be pyrolised at lower temperatures to save energy and prevent degradation of the formed isocyanate. The changing the nucleophile is not strai ghtforward, as the use of another nucleophile as a solvent whitethorn be as well expensive or not possible (if the nucleophile is a solid), hence use of a solvent may be necessary. Therefore, non nucleophilic solvents have to be tested in combination with potential nucleophiles in the catalytic synthesis of carbamates and ureas. Despite the use of common known compound used as a nucleophile, still there are broad spectrum of nucleophiles to be tested with various combinations.Isolation of Palladium-imido complex