Power of Wind

mogul of breaking wind Jason A. Jennings Principles of Marketing (BUS 330) Instructor Debra McCoskey-Reisert January 28, 2012 Power of Wind thither is a large sector in the unify States that intrusts confidential information strength is an polished alternative re mention. There is to a fault a group of people that believe that the rove turbines that atomic number 18 utilize to generate tress cipher is a bad creative thinker because they obstruct the natural view, causes death to birds, and generates noise pollution. They also argue that gimmick postal code is not a dependable source of energy because the current of air does not blow continu whollyy.Wind as a executable source of energy leave alone be evaluated from a positive and oppose perspective. Wind energy has foresighted history of cosmos used as a exponent source (Berry, narration of Windmills, 2011). Considering the current issues that the worldwide residential ara faces concerning green house gases and pollution alternative energy sources must be evaluated. As of 2010 the join States power Information Administration listed Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the united States as being the top three world oil producers (U. S. incision of Energy). The top three oil consumers argon the United States, China, and Japan.As of 2009 the United States Energy Information Administration listed Saudi Arabia, Canada, Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait as having the highest level of prove world oil reserves (U. S. De naval divisionment of Energy). In 2010 the United States merchandise close to forty nine part of the petroleum products that it consumed in that aforesaid(prenominal) year (U. S. Department of Energy). About half(a) of those imports came from nations located in the westerly Hemisphere. The world currently faces a shrinking petroleum based energy supply and a rapidly festering pollution problem as a result of the dependency on petroleum.Countries around the world progressively have to co mpete with each other in order to effective petroleum based energy visions. China and India continue to place a higher look at on the worlds petroleum supply because of their rapidly growing economies. High gasoline prices, global warming concerns, and fears that fossil fuel resources are likely hitting peak supply while global demand is surging demands the modern worlds undivided attention. Oil producing countries in the Middle East currently hold a forty percent share of the worlds oil mart.Wind energy has the ability to market itself. There is a large sector around the world with a belief that lede energy is an excellent alternative resource. Wind farms are also one of the emerging green technologies that are beginning to betoken their true value. Between the year 2000 and 2010 the farting power capacity of the United States jumped exponentially (see page 6). That is a direct result of the hundreds of juvenile wind farms that came on line in the American power grid. In 201 0 global wind installation hit 196,000 gigawatts.In a recent study conducted by the United Nations said re crudeable energy accounted for sixty percent of new electrical energy generation capacity in atomic number 63 and more than half in the United States of America. The human relationship with the wind has been a long one with the use of sailing ships and windmills. For centuries past the wind was used as the main power source for sailing ships. The use of windmills seems to have started with the Persians for c roamch grain (between 500 and 900 A. D. ). Windmills started appearing in atomic number 63 around the time of the Crusades (1096 -1270).The European design is very different from the Persian one and in that location is an ongoing debate whether the Europeans developed the windmill themselves or the Crusaders had taken the idea back to Europe (Berry, History of Windmills, 2011). The earliest windmills found in Europe were a post mill construction. The main structure of th e windmill sits on top of a post and could be rotated to face the wind. homophile power was needed to rotate the windmill to face the direction of the rule winds. The windmill was turned by a long beam that was attach horizontally to the body of the mill.The mills sat upon a tripod structure that consisted of twain crossed beams resting on the ground with four angled beams coming up to support the post in the center. These windmills used a horizontal axis vertebra allowing the sails of the windmill to take better advantage of the wind. The power was then transferred to machines by cogs and gears. In 1650 smock mills were developed with just the top part of the windmill being turned to face the wind. This was a huge profit to the windmill because the sail structure was much lighter and easier to turn.Permanent structures could be build to house the mill. Brick and stone tower mills were built using the new smock mill method. Smock mills received that name because they resemble d a ni lollyeenth century countrymans smock. They were built in a tapdanceered, boarded, Octagonal shaped tower form. The Chinese built their first enter windmill in 1219 A. D. and was used to grind grain. In the late 1300s the Dutch developed a new sail design that increase efficiency. The sail was constructed with a leading edge that created aerodynamic lift.Windmill sails were made of cloth stretched over a wooden frame. Some windmill designs incorporated mown sails allowing them to take better advantage of the variable wind conditions. The English used a fantail on their windmills that allowed them to be turned by the wind. The large Dutch designed windmills continued to be used all across Europe until the development of the steam engine in the 1880s. The use of steam power caused a decline in the use of large tower windmills. In the United States windmills were used in the west for pumping water to the ranchers live stock.In the middle 1900s Charles Brush developed a huge w ind dynamo that generated electricity and became fascinated with the possibility of producing free energy for the general public. Beginning in the 1930s a group of disgruntled ranchers got together and started the development of wind energy. The ranchers were facing rising prices, power outages and poor customer service. Robert Righter is a historiographer that has done extensive research on wind energy in the United States. The first wind farms were built in the state of calcium in the 1980s.The Altamont Pass, located near the San Francisco Bay playing area there are still some of the older and much smaller turbines. They only had a rotor diameter of 15 meters and a capacity of tens of kilowatts. The new turbines being manufactured today have a capacity of 1. 5 2. 5 megawatts (MW), rotor diameters as great as 100 meters allowing the blades to sweep an area the size of a football field. Wind power is on the deck out in the United States with capacity jumping by 45 percent at t he end of 2007 and capacity reaching to 17 gigawatts (GW).Wind power is an good-natured alternative to fossil fuels such as coal and oil because it is an energy source that does not produce pollution or climate holdfast greenhouse gases. When the coarse turbines have been installed the only fuel that is needed to run them is the wind. Wind resources found around the world are so bulky that they could easily meet the worlds current energy needs. A study that was conducted by researchers at Stanford University found that global wind energy potential in the year 2000 was about 72,000 gigawatts (GW), al more or less five times the worlds total energy demand at that time.The technology used to tap into the wind energy resources is getting much cheaper. In the early 1980s electricity produced by the wind cost as much as 30 cents per kilowatt hour. In 2007 the cost had fallen to 10 cents per kilowatt hour. There are various incentives in the form of tax ascribe and feed in tariffs tha t make electricity generated from the wind cost free-enterprise(a) with electricity generated from natural gas and coal. Maria Sicilia of the outside(a) Energy way of life (IEA) has stated that a $30. 0 dollar tax per ton of coulomb dioxide emitted would allow electricity produced on wind farms could compete in most markets without subsidies (International Energy Agency, 2009) . Even with no tax being placed on carbon emissions the growth of wind power is very likely to continue. The European Union has set a goal of getting 20% of its energy from renewable resources by 2020, with a large portion of it coming from wind power. The United States Department of Energy has laid out a device to get 20% of the energy needed in the United States from wind power by 2030 (U. S.Department of Energy, 2008) . Asia may drive the biggest market for new wind installations over the next five years. The wind does not blow all of the time and wind farms cannot be placed in some areas of the Uni ted States. For wind to stay on the path of expansion the industry will have to build new transmission lines and improve the integration of electricity produced by the wind into the power grid (IBM) . The industry is also undefendable financially if subsidies are suddenly phased out. Some groups will say that the massive wind turbines cause the needless deaths of birds.The effect that the wind farms have on the view is one reason that has been cited for saying no to wind power. There have been issues concerning the noise that the turbines create. Wind energy is an excellent and valuable resource that can be used as a replacement for muddied fossil fuels and the dangers of nuclear power. It cannot be the only replacement for those energy sources just it can be used in conjunction with solar power, geothermal, and hydroelectric to fulfill our nations energy requirements.The use of coal as an energy source for the generation of electricity can gradually be scaled down. Mankind has had a long relationship with the wind as an energy source and should continue to use it well into the future. Pollution has become a major problem that is affecting the climate and that problem should be resolved on a global scale with all nations running(a) together for the common good. A comparison of year end wind capacity in the United States between 2000 2010 (U. S. Department of Energy, 2011) References Berry, M. (2011, May 24). History of Windmills.Retrieved January 28, 2012, from Windmill World http//www. windmillworld. com/windmills/history. htm GWEC. (2011). GWEC. Retrieved January 5, 2012, from Global Wind Energy Council http//www. gwec. net/http//www. gwec. net/index. php? id=28 IBM. (n. d. ). Wind power is the fastest growing source of electricity. Retrieved celestial latitude 26, 2011, from IBM Greener Energy Smarter Planet http//www. ibm. com/smarterplanet/us/en/smart_grid/article/wind_power. html International Energy Agency. (2009, October 1). Renewable Energy Es sentials Wind.Retrieved January 5, 2012, from iea. org http//www. iea. org/Papers/2008/Wind_Brochure. pdf Kotler, P. , & Armstrong, G. (2010). Principles of Marketing. Upper accuse River Pearson Prentice Hall. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2011, July 22). Wind Research. Retrieved celestial latitude 28, 2011, from NREL http//www. nrel. gov/wind/ U. S. Department of Energy. (2008, May). 20% Wind Energy by 2030. Retrieved January 1, 2012, from Increasing Wind Energys Contribution to U. S. Electricity Supply http//www. 20percentwind. org/default. aspx U.S. Department of Energy. (n. d. ). Oil Production. Retrieved January 28, 2012, from Independent Staistics analysis http//38. 96. 246. 204/countries/index. cfm? view=production U. S. Department of Energy. (2010, September 1). Wind Water Program. Retrieved December 26, 2011, from Technologies http//www1. eere. energy. gov/windandhydro/wind_how. html U. S. Department of Energy. (2011, September). Wind Powering America. Retri eved January 7, 2012, from Energy Efficency Renewable Energy http//www. windpoweringamerica. gov/

African Americans Consequence Essay

The African Americans played a major agency before and after the polite warfare, start out from 1861 to 1870, which helped shape the course and egresss of the gracious War. In determining how African Americans influence the course and egresss of the urbane War, iodine must assess how African Americans were feed inn more opportunities. Politically, African Americans began to acquire a role in voting and to have the President and republican Party vie for their liberal needydom. Socially, the African Americans physique began to be whole toneed at differently. Ideologically, the African Americans were world looked at as competent and made sure that pot knew they were multitude too.Although African Americans had to continue to fight for their par, they did, in fact, shape the course and consequences of the gracious War by having political, ideological, and fond actions. African Americans had no rights to right to vote or involve themselves in government yet that changed after the Civil War. Giving African Americans the right to vote shaped the consequences of the Civil War by African Americans views creation looked at as well. On August 1865, the Convention of the aslant People of Virginia was proceeded which claimed that since African Americans ar go off, they deserve to vote (Doc H).The African Americans mouth of beingness given suffrage, and then they were given the right to vote. This shaped a consequence of the Civil War because the African Americans views were no long-term over looked. During the Civil War, no one J. Crespo P a g e 2 paid attention to what the African Americans cherished but afterward, they were granted the voice to speak about what they wanted. After being heard and given the right to vote, the African Americans had tell aparticipation in entire Conventions. A map shows the following the participation of African Americans and Whites in inherent Conventions during 1867-1868 (Doc J).Politically, the whites did not want to be over transportn by the African Americans, so they had a larger participation to overrule the African Americans. The whites wanted a regent(postnominal) Democratic Party that supported their wanting. The African Americans still participated in the conventions to watch sure the Republic Party was strong enough to continue to give the African American their rights. African Americans participating in the Constitutional Conventions shaped one of the consequences of the Civil War by not letting whites take over the political system.Not only did the African Americans have a consequence politically with being heard and not having white supremacy, politically African Americans were in addition given their freedom. African Americans were being given their freedom. Politically, African Americans were being granted a change in society. Abraham capital of Nebraska promulgated a letter on August 26, 1863 that proposed the following the African Americans as a whole, everywhe re, should be granted their freedom for they fought for the North (Doc C). Abraham Lincoln was nerve-racking to persuade the Whites to agree on freedom for the African Americans in the linked States.African Americans were being freed everywhere instead of just the North. Politically, this helped the African Americans enormously because they were going to be freed everywhere. One of the consequences was African Americans being freed in the North, but then African Americans were going to be freed everywhere, including the entropy. After the letter move out by Abraham Lincoln, the Republican Party decided to try to ticktack an amendment that freed all African Americans. In 1864, the Republican Partys political platform stated the following they wanted an Amendment to J. Crespo P a g e 3 officially end slavery everywhere (Doc D).Politically, the African Americans were beginning to be seen as mountain throughout the nation. This consequence after the Civil War proven that Africa n Americans were no perennial going to be slaves anywhere. African Americans found their freedom with the help of the political power of Abraham Lincoln and Republican Party. Then the African Americans were socially looked at differently. The African Americans were no long-life such a low class because people began to look at them differently and notice the good things about African Americans. Socially, the African Americans were being helped by the people.On July 30 1861 General Benjamin F. pantryman reported to the secretary of the war stating the following the African Americans should be free since they are a part of the North (Doc A). Socially, the North no longer presented the African Americans as station. This shaped the Civil War because the African Americans became part of the Union that fought for the North. Then after the Civil War was won and the African Americans were freed, their school system proved them socially equal and good as the whites.In March 1864, Charlott e Forten, an African American teacher in conspiracy Carolina Sea Islands, said the following she spoke of how happy the African American children were to learn and how much knowledge they have attained (Doc E). Socially, the African Americans were no longer looked at as less smart than the Whites.The consequence of the Civil War with the African Americans socially with schools showed their equality to whites. Socially, the African Americans were no longer looked at as slaves or less knowledgeable. The African Americans, ideologically, were no longer looked as airscrew. The African Americans were beginning to be looked at the same as the whites. The African Americans no longer were looked at as belongings.Ideologically, the African Americans caused a consequence of the Civil War to be looked at as people. On March 7, 1864 in The New J. Crespo P a g e 4 York Times it stated the following African Americans have foregone through a drastic change to now be free Americans in the Unit ed States equal to the whites (Doc F). The African Americans were no longer the property they were once known of African Americans were people just as the Whites. Ideologically, this proved that a consequence of the Civil War was the change of equality that African Americans had.After The New York Times had posted the article, Thomas Nast from Harpers Weekly on August 5 1865 had posted the following a picture of lady liberty standing next to an African American Union Solider asking And Not This Man? (Doc G). Ideologically, the picture proved that the people no longer were going to look at African Americans as property so they should be treated equal. The North wanted the South to have the same perspectives about African Americans. This set a consequence of the Civil War by having the African Americans no longer being looked at as slaves as they were when the war had begun.After the African Americans were no longer looked at as property, the African Americans made sure the Whites t hought of them as people no matter what. African Americans were going to choose with racism and injustice but they made sure that the whites knew they were people also.Ideologically, the African American consequence after the Civil War was that African Americans are people, not slaves nor property. On August 20 1862 in New York during the contract of African Americans in Newtown, African Americans stated the following they wanted to gather in sure that the President knew that they were not going to leave because the United States was their surface area also that they were going to fight in for their freedom (Doc B).This constructed the course of the Civil War because the African Americans began fighting in the Civil War. Ideologically, African Americans were looked at as people in the nation of the United States to fight along the Whites for their freedom and country. After the Civil War, when African Americans were no longer slaves and granted their freedom, some J. Crespo P a g e 5 whites resisted the full freedom of African Americans. In 1867 with Rebecca Parsons she went through the following she went back to develop her kindred since she was a free slave but the owner would not allow her to because they were his (Doc I).Although, Parsons did not allow Rebecca her children it proved that Parsons realized she was also people because she demanded them back from him. Rebecca is no longer a slave who has to stand down, she also had rights which proved she is as equal as Parsons. Ideologically, after the Civil War this was a consequence by African Americans no longer being looked at differently because they were people also. African Americans ideologically created the course and consequence of the Civil War by being looked at as people and not slaves.African Americans shaped the course and consequences of the Civil War by ideological, social, and political reasoning. African Americans were known in the United States as slaves and property but they no long er were during and after the Civil War. They became people of equality to the whites in the United States. They no longer had no say in politics they were given rights and opportunities to speak of their views. They no longer were viewed as property but people. Also, they werent the low class everyone had always labeled them as. African Americans helped the Union win the war to win themselves the freedom they deserved.

Psy: Obedience Essay

Obedience is the act of practicing obeying dutiful or unassertive compliance. Humans bedevil an instinct to obey because of the role sureness plays. Milgrams research proves my point in his case study that involved shocks of voltage. From birth, we project that everything has a consequence or punishment after an action. Children learn fair philosophies in their youngest age such as obeying their parents requests. Something as simple as eating vegetables has a consequence. A reward gives the infant satisfaction to emphasize the good behavior or, in the opposite case, cock-a-hoop behavior. As humans get older, this simple idea enlarges when it applies to diametric phases in life. Scientists like Milgrim and Marta Laupa study factors that play a role in deference using variables like galvanizing shocks. In the psychology department, scientists like Milgrim, analyze devotion to understand human behavior. He used cruel and curious federal agencys to study how humans will reac t to means.The punishments included electric shocks at different voltages. This is just one of way psychologists test representation versus obedience. His experiment involved 42 participants, few of them being the enforcer and some acting as the victim. The authority role would execute the victim with electrical shocks beginning from 15 to 450. Milgrims blind case study took hindquarters at Harvard University where the participants agreed to take part without any kind of explanation. The compulsive volunteer requested the number of voltages from the patient. No one objected the voltage until it reached a maximum of 450. As the voltage add rose, the participants allegedly showed signs of stress and nerves but never refused the electrical energy until the last and most fatal amount of voltage.Later, Milgrim altered the study by placing the authority figure outside of the electricity room. He or she used a loudspeaker to inform the victim of the situation. Participants were all of the sudden more reluctant to obey. This unethical experiment showed researchers and checkmate observers how humans obey powerful authority to almost fatal conditions. sort of than disobeying, humans will instinctively continue point when conditions are conterminous to death. Milgrims results differ from Laupa. Unlike Milgrims results, Laupas were less shocking, literally. The cover involved students who were appointed as conflict managers or honor patrol. The chosen ones were taught to approach students to resolve arguments such as turn-taking. Laupa required 80 children from quatern classes first grade, third grade, fifth grade, and seventh grade. Subjects were then put in situations where they must chose to listen to another person. For example, the scientist listed a few such as lady versus former peer authority.This example is fundamental to the understanding of obedience. This typification baffles children because they are put in a situation where the lady has crow ing status, which shows authority but no knowledge, but the former peer authority shows knowledge but no adult status like the front lady. Laupas case proves that children are a biased subject to chose for the obedience in Milgrims case because children have a different way of thinking compared to adults who have prior experience to the sociable world. Childrens fair way of thinking benefits them since they are not interested in kindly system that adults are in everyday. Common sense would tell us that most tidy sum believe obedience is a critical verbal expression in social life and plays a great role in maintaining social order.On the contrary, every human being at different ages posses different aspirations that reflect their behavior. While some people respect authority by obeying, many do not, such as criminals or the students in detention. In Milgrims study, it is obvious that almost everyone respected authority by chance because they were under the impression that there were greater consequences or that they were in noble need to comply. In Laupas study, however, it showed that children were doubtful to peer authority and even adult authority. While some children are less timid than others, children have the instinct to question others because younger people are unaware of the social status adult figures hold. When comparing the two cases studies by Milgrim and Laupa, observers would agree that from childhood, people identify authority and obey them according to their figure in union or the status they hold.

Creativity Research Paper

David Andrade 10/29/10 Enc1101 Creativity Paper David Andrade 10/29/10 Enc1101 Creativity Outline Thesis The purpose of this paper is to situate the explore and the positive and negative personal effects on imaginative somebodys. I. Research A. forces 1. Military research was bingle of the earlier researches it was financed by the U. S department of defense, stopking new technology and more seminal leading in the wake of World War II (Roark). 2. Since the time of the ancient Greeks there has been many suppositions as to wherefore some individuals argon remarkably germinal, maven of these speculations were that it was a apply from the gods. II.Positive Aspects of germinal People A. Working till the end. 1. inventive persons be usu ally totally into their act until the end. 2. A originative person can usually see a project until the end. (Glover) 3. yeasty plurality can usually dismiss any other stuff until their work is complete. (Glover) B. Taking Control 1. in ventive pile cardinal dollar billd to be more homey with taking c ar of tasks when there atomic number 18 no wanton explanations for instructions. (Glover) 2. Creative persons tend to feel that they can assert what happens to them in life. (Glover) 3. Creative quite a little in popular, like to run through risks. (Glover) III. Negative Aspects of Creative PeopleA. rational disorders 1. Psychiatrists change course observe that among lofty artists, manic and major slack is ten to thirty share as common. ( aroused Genius) 2. umpteen artists drive been diagnosed with different types of economic crisis. 3. According to Arnold Ludwig from the University of Kentucky Medical center, fifty dollar bill nine to seventy percent of the 1004 artists, writers, and musicians suffered from mental illness. (Scholten) 4. Many original great deal suffer from Bipolar as swell up. (Scholten) B. Moods 1. Psychiatrists put on noticed that among distinguished artists, manic and maj or mental picture is ten to thirty percent as common. raw Genius) 2. More people with caprice swings and mental disabilities have been found in the arts. (Roarke) 3. Dr. Andreason found that cardinal percent of writers were depressed at some point in their lives. (Roarke) on that point are many different types of people in this institution, one of them are creative people. Creative people have been around forever and are the people that have made this world evolve. The purpose of this paper is to define the research and the positive and negative effects on creative persons. Many Researches have been conducted on creative conceive ofing.Military research was one of the earlier researches it was financed by the U. S department of defense, seeking new technology and more creative leaders in the wake of World War II (Roark). Over course of instructions scientist have conducted many tests to evaluate the level of creativity. The level of creativity on current individuals has bee n a mystery to many scientists, for example why was it that while Leonardo Da Vinci could paint the Mona Lisa other normal individuals were but able to draw stick figures, or why was it that Albert Einstein revolutionized the world of physics while other didnt even know how to map car radios.There have been many speculations made of why some kind-hearted beings are remarkably creative. Since the time of the ancient Greeks there has been many suppositions as to why some individuals are remarkably creative, one of these speculations were that it was a gift from the gods. Some modern minds believe that it was just a combination of favorable genes, coincidence. Creative people whitethorn have certain inherited talents or biologically controlled predilections a painter, for example, might have peculiar sensitivity to the lightness a musician, an unusual awareness of sound a dancer, a certain physical size or muscle mass (Roark).Creative people have al commissions needed to be an es sential part in our ball club back in the day and even today. We can always better and come out with new technologies and ideas and the people that come out with these products are the entrepreneurs who are generally for the most part creative opinion people. direct that we have seen how creative studies in the past were made and how creative people have been linked back for millions of years I will burble about the positive aspect of creative people.Creative people for the most part, are very(prenominal) concentrated thinking people. They set their mind to something and they do not stop until it is complete. In the book A Creative Person Tends to Be This Way John Glover states that creative people can usually see a project through the end and can put digression anything that will distract them from add upting their goal done. Another very nice aspect of the creative thinker is that they can very easily take control of situations.In his book, John Glover states that creative thinker tends to be more comfortable in an environment where the directions are not clear. He can think for himself and come up with an alternative even though the steps on how to get those alternatives or solutions may not be clear. As well, Glover states that the creative thinker can usually feel that they are in control of their lives. They feel as if they can control what will happen in their lives in the future. The last very good aspect of the creative thinker is that he is a risk taker.Glover states that most creative thinkers have a risk taking attitude. In life to get to a large goal, we must take risks. If there is no risk there is no reward. That is why we see all these entrepreneurs like Bill Gates the developer of Microsoft and Steve Jobs the developer of apple for example. They had to take a huge risk in putting their time and money into a project as big as the ones they have. So the creative person is generally more of a risk taker that the comely person.Now that w e have spoken about the positive aspects of creativity, lets prate about the negative aspects of creativity and how having a creative mind has impact many people around the world and can be poignant you even. When we usually think of the word creative we usually think of it as a positive word, a good thing for society. nevertheless what people dont know is that behind many creative thinking people a lot of problems occur. Such problems include predilection swings, bipolar problems and several types of depression such as major and manic depression.Lets talk about the depression and how it affects the creative person. In the article Mad Genius is no myth, scientists now agree it states that psychiatrists have noticed that among distinguished artists, manic and major depressions are ten to thirty percent as common. Many artists have been diagnosed with several different types of depressions. According to Arnold Ludwig from the University of Kentucky Medical Center, fifty nine to s eventy percent of the 1004 artists, writers and musicians suffered from some type of a mental illness as well as bipolarity (Scholten).Also very common among creative persons are mood swings. Mood swings are when you are acting one way and then start acting in another way the next. This is very common in most creative thinkers minds. In the Article Mad Genius is no myth, scientists now agree is stated that more people with mood swings and mental disabilities have been noticed and reported in the arts. Dr Andreason found that eight percent of writers were depressed at some time in their lives. Psychiatrists have noticed that among certain artists, mood swings and mental disorders are very common.Now that I have discussed the negative effects of the creative thinker in general, I would like to explain however the different types of depressions that I mentioned so that people may have a better understanding of what these depression and mood swings they get are. First lets talk about m anic depression and what it is. Manic depression varies when people are at the very peak of a mood which would be the manic stage and the very low point of a mood which would be the depression. This is one of the most common types of depressions in the creative persons.This type of depression is similarly known as bipolarity. This disorder may be linked genetically which back to what I discussed in how the creative mind came about saying that creative thinkers usually have had someone in their bloodline that also was a creative thinker may have also had manic depression or bipolarity. Major depression is very different than manic depression. Major depression is also such(prenominal) known as clinical depression and requires monitoring and medication. This type of depression is basically a more up scaled more insidious type of depression compared to the manic depression.Many artists, writers, poets, and creative people in general have had to go through this type of depression. Mo st people that get this type of depression just feel very sad all the time and cannot really enjoy life nor can enjoy the things that maybe at one point in their lives made them feel very happy. So now to conclude, I go for that I have explained well how the roots of creativity was formed and how the betimes uses of creativity was formed and how the early uses of creative minds were put into play in the world. I also hope you understand the positive and negative effects that creativity has on the creative mind.Also, to further understand, I explained the different types of depression that many creative thinkers have experienced at some point in their lives. Being a creative person has benefited very much to society and will stick to benefit society to come up and develop new technologies and products. But although the creative thinker has been traced back to the beginning of time we must also remember the negative effects that has come over the years with the creative thinker. W ork Cited Glover, John A. A Creative Person Tends To Be This Way, Florida, 1969.Print Mad Genius is no myth, scientists now agree. Business week 4. May 1922 Pages 20-22 Print. Roarke, Anne. Creative people suffer higher rates of mental illness, studies confirm. New York quantify July, 2004 pages 20-26 Print. Roarke, Anne. Scientists Search For The Roots of Creativity. Lose Angeles Times 20. 6(2 July 1984). Web 16 Oct. 2004. http. //www. Losangelestimes. com/456j24z Scholten, Amy. Creative and Depression Is There a Link? ThirdAge Articles. Baby Boomer Health, aging & Retirement Midlife Caregiving & Relationships ThirdAge. Web. 11 Oct. 2010. .

Arise: a Destination-for-a-Day Spa Essay

The rustle A Destination-for-a-Day resort case describes how a spa going through the work development stage is struggling with employee overturn as healthy as has been operating at a red for the past two years. ARISE, the spa in question, was built on the barter strategy of differentiation which emphasizes employee-customer relationships. Within these relationships, ARISE employees act as in the flesh(predicate) Wellness Coaches (PWC) helping clients create integrated health and happiness plans. The hear stakeholders in the case argon the President and CEO Kristen Chambers ungodliness President of Business Operations Sam Solti Vice President of Spa Operations Twyla Thompson and Director of Spa Services Danielle Dunn who all support differing opinions and proposed solutions for this dilemma. include in these stakeholders are also the ARISE employees and their client sensual.CRITICAL ISSUES The archetypal critical issue ARISE is dealing with is that it has been operating at a loss for the past two years (since the time it was established). ARISE has a limited amount of funds put aside anticipating the breakeven point and idlernot succumb to pay kayoed year afterward year in nightspot to contain itself afloat. The risk of going under is apparent if this issue is not resolved in a timely manner.ARISEs siemens critical issue, which can assist the first issue of bringing up the bottom line, is that there an excessive amount of employee turnover. Chambers has allowed a threesome month period in which Thompson moldiness figure out a solution to the employee turnover issue. This problem is especially important because it concerns ARISEs overall personal line of credit strategy. ARISEs business strategy of differentiation through customer service requires having a strong and consistent workforce. Without the take of its employees, ARISE will crumble. There are also costs to cycle through a workforce. The hiring process and training of new staff a re costly business procedures which greatly affect the bottom line when performing them as often as ARISE is currently.RECCOMMENDATIONS First it is critical that ARISE is aware of their employees wants and needs. Exit interviews are not enough and are in no way proactive in catering to the wants and needs of employees. entertain surveys to employees in order to determine whether or not current business operations are effective. Ask specific questions such as What is your favorite(a) flavour of working at ARISE? (Explain) What is your least favorite aspect at cosmos an employee at ARISE? (Explain) In regards to your experience as an employee at ARISE, what are some improvements ARISE can make? (Explain) Do you value having benefits volunteered by ARISE? (Explain) Would you like more flexibility in your schedule? (Explain) Do you like being a part of an All-Star squad? (Explain) etc With this information Thompson can make appropriate adjustments to the employee operations.Becaus e of comments made in bring out interviews along with previous employee surveys, it is recommended that ARISE keep the All-Star Team organizational design, offer more flexible schedule options (new parent, sick time, etc.), a high base pay (in return for cutting benefits), as well as ease up employees a more realistic job preview when they enter affair at ARISE, as to not create false expectations. Providing ARISE employees with a higher base pay would greatly improve the turnover rate. Employees hit stated during previous exit interviews that they were leaving to look for a higher salary.ARISE employees postulate also noted not valuing benefits as strong compensation. For that reason, it is a good idea to take the funds currently being put into benefits and redirect them to base salary in order to fulfill employees as well as not need to worry more or less the steeply climbing medical and dental rates year to year. order of business flexibility is regarded as a benefit by employees as well as a reason to stay at a company. Employees may enjoy their job but find it impossible to meet a rigid schedule requirement therefore, it would be beneficial for ARISE to offer more scheduling options. According to an article by the Boston College, the primary(prenominal) reason cited by employers for developing workplace flexibilityis the retention of employees in general (37%) (Cohen). Many employers recognize the importance of workplace flexibility and have seen it improve their turnover rate. Realistic job previews are important in relation to employee turnover.As emphasized in MGMT 411, high turnover can occur when they are unpleasantly surprised by an aspect of their job. It undermines the mental contract between an employer and their employee while causing a loss of trust. rectify informed candidates who choose to carry on on with the application process after learning more about the job are more probably to be a good fit with the position and therefo re continue on in the position for a longer period of time. Also, in regards to the issue of employee responsibilities, job specifications should be more clearly defined so that employees know what is expected of them. This will help deter slacking. In addition, supervisors must write up employees who are not fulfilling their job duties.All-Star teams are meant to keep employees responsible but if they arent someone else should step in. If nothing is through with(p) to reprimand slackers it encourages them as well as deters the hard working, responsible employees from move their correct actions. Hard working employees who pick up the slack from unavailing teammates do not appreciate doing work without reward and may at last move on from the organization. Which will overall lead stellar performers out of the organization and encourage less productive workers to continue poor business practices. Keep PWCs accountable.

Role of Social Worker in Non-Profit Long Term Care

some(prenominal) studies get hold of highlighted the efficiency of simoleons-oriented organizations compargond to non- acquire organizations. In the nurse sign of the zodiacs or hanker end point c atomic number 18 facility too, this is no exception, where the attain driven homes argon seen to be technically and economically efficient than the non- derive facilities. The operation of the non-profit homes is chargeed to ensuring that r tear down upues and cost ar relatively equal. The non-profit treat homes, blend by government, religious bodies and tear down by private philanthropic affiliations ar non seriously class for t successor make popance and region, and are largely categorise together (Knox, Blankmeyer and Stutzman).Research done into facultying levels of profit and non-profit nursing homes however, show that nursing homes in the non-profit sector render higher(prenominal) staffing levels, compared to profit oriented nursing organizations. writings on nursing homes in the US show that non-profit address facilities bring higher number of direct dispense staff and lower staff turnover rates. It should be famous here that the volume of nursing homes in the US are profit oriented patch in Canada, the majority are non-profit sell homes (Margaret J et al., 2005). societal doers in wellness take pick out addressed the problems and situations associated with illnesses, seeing things in the bigger perspective, while overly addressing the ready concerns. The largest area of focus in tender transaction is perhaps in the wellness field. Social p cases build performed their expect or undeniable functions, and have also raised sentience among other health care schoolmasters to impression beyond disease or charge of the patient into the mental and sound-disposed aspects of the ailment and its give-and-take (Dhooper, 1997).The responsibilities associated with sociable work in retentive- landmark nursing homesinclud e tasks with patients and their families, both deep down and outside the hospital. Most kindly doers in hospitals are responsible for functions uniform high risk screening, fond and psychological assessments, coordinated patient care, enter supplying and follow up.In long status care facilities, the tender worker is required to be aware of the traditionalistic and non traditional accessible work involvement and their roles, and appropriately examine the approximately suitable application. The genial workers freshen up the evidence base systematically and thence get under ones skin protocols and recommendations for practice. They encourage academician and practice partnerships and try to identify quasi(prenominal) areas of concern, with their aesculapian colleagues.The social workers perform several(prenominal) roles, even beyond that expected of a social help worker. However there is no form-only(prenominal) profile of the tasks associated with social worker in nursing home care. The constabulary and regulatory governing are certified to finding out the front man and absence of the social worker. thither is no certification or apprehension process to evaluate the contributions of the social worker particularly in the non-profit nursing homes.An important aspect of social work in health ground is assessment, including psychosocial assessment. Client problems bring to be assessed to begin treatment intervention, irrespective of the ailment or the passel. Assessment helps in gathering, analyzing and evaluating relevant information based on which appropriate treatment strategies are implemented. Sometimes the social worker whitethorn be required to wait on athomes of knobs. Interviewing lymph nodes at home, particularly the old ones, offers an informal atmosphere and reinforces to the knob that he or she is raiseed and is non left alone (Mellor and Solomon, 1996).Use of clients first name, hugging, conducting a cup of tea are al l part of a professional conduct of a social worker. The social worker is also desire to address psychosocial needs in nursing homes, to treat mental health problems. The social work suppliers perspective in study and treating anxiety, dementia and depression is considered necessary. by means of appropriate in-home interventions, social work providers even ascertain ineffective diagnosis and deli truly of inappropriate care. They address several issues with social relevance inter qualifyable relationship loss, adjustment to environment, preconditioninal care etc.In the non-emergency nursing home admissions, social work personnel carry out the psychosocial assessment of the client during the sign contact. Based on this assessment, the level of required social work involvement, set of social work activity and secrete plans are finalized. This assessment also marks the beginning of the patient-social worker relationship. The social worker whitethorn at times be required to a gile other physicians on real psychosocial problems, which they should consider before medical interventions. here(predicate) the social worker must pick up that patient details or medical history are not breached or misused by anyone having access to it. Preadmission screenings by social workers rear end reduce unwanted readmissions while also reducing the stay in nursing homes. Discharge preparation may be involved with some(prenominal) ethical issues or even statutory issues for the social worker. The social worker has a crucial role in sorting conflict surrounded bypatient expectations and nursing home obligations. When patients with very little hope of retrieval or irreversible physiques are discharged, they and their families consider the nursing home to have abandoned them and experience a loss of hope. Here the social worker, attempts to change this perception by planning for the future through problem solving.The role of social worker in non-profit long term care is exceedingly diverse from being a psychotherapist, social work consultant and a consultant on psychosocial issues. They answer client amplely in their intonation to and from long-term care. They associate elders and families to community facilities and serve through appropriate brokering, induct and needs advocacy.They help in planning long-term care with the client and their family and resolve issues in finance, legal and social requirements. In care planning, the social service provider needs to develop plans taking into consideration the arrangements and psychosocial support for senior(a) persons. The plans, particularly long term care plans must be accommodative of any physical or cognitive changes, as and when it arises.Social workers need to be wise to accept and respect the fact that clients, particularly older clients in long-term care have the right to choose or decide on matters pertaining to their treatment (Vourlekis, et. al, 2005). Social workers also need to be conscious of the ethical issues arising in their work with older clients. persistent term care is not just restricted to the caring of elderly tribe. Long term care can be associated with any age, like even with children having long term health implications.The operate provided by social workers are very diverse and is associated with both, a health perspective and a social perspective. The quality of delivery for the health agentive role is judged based on technical aspects of care like treatment outcomes and evaluation of care process. The quality of social services provided is judged based on the confidence and perception of the users. In contrast to sharp-worded care which is associated to restoration of convention health, long term care is to a greater extent associated in suppressing or preventing provided decline in health condition or progress of constipation (Gooloo, Wunderlich, Kohler, 2001). Sometime passel would adapt to heir disabilities and adverse health co nditions and may even begin to depend less(prenominal) on social or medical assistance for a comfortably long period of time.The role of social worker in the non-profit long term care is immense and cannot be overlooked. They are involved in all aspects of patient care from assessment to discharge, apart from ensuring their social well being. Given the trend in modern medicine, where newer and sophisticated treatments increase manners span, the population of elderly people has been increasing significantly, and more than elderly people are believably to look nursing care for various reasons. as well with newer diseases, associated with developing life styles, food for thought habits, and environment people are likely to seek more medical intervention for unconventional diseases. Therefore people across all ages and backgrounds quest medical intervention would have more social implications and social relevance, relying more on the social worker to deliver.REFERENCESKnox K.J., Blankmeyer E.C and Stutzman J.R., (2006) relative Performance and tint among nonprofit organization Nursing Facilities in Texas, Nonprofit and self-imposed Sector Quarterly. Sage Publications Electronic Version downloaded on tenth May 2008 from http//nvs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/35/4/631Margaret J et al., (2005) Staffing levels in not-for-profit and for-profit long-term care facilities Does type of ownership matter? Canadian medical examination Association Journal, March 1, 2005 Electronic Version downloaded on 10th May 2008 from http//www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/ complete/172/5/645 Vourlekis B, Zlotnik J.L, Simons K., (2005) Institute for the advancement of Social hunt down Research, Evaluating Social make Services in Nursing Homes Toward Quality Psychosocial Care Electronic Version downloaded on eleventh May 2008 from http//www.charityadvantage.com/iaswr/IASWRNursingHome.pdf Dhooper S.S., (1997) Social Work in Health Care in the 21st Century. Sage Publications, London Mellor J and Solomon R., (1996) Geriatric Social Work Education Haworth Press. Gooloo S, Wunderlich, Kohler P.O., (Eds) (2001) Improving the Quality of long Care, National Academies PressRole of Social Worker in Non-Profit Long Term CareSeveral studies have highlighted the efficiency of profit-oriented organizations compared to non-profit organizations. In the nursing homes or long term care facility too, this is no exception, where the profit driven homes are seen to be technically and economically efficient than the non- profit facilities. The operation of the non-profit homes is directed to ensuring that revenues and costs are relatively equal. The non-profit nursing homes, run by government, religious bodies and even by private philanthropic affiliations are not seriously classified for their performance and quality, and are largely categorized together (Knox, Blankmeyer and Stutzman).Research done into staffing levels of profit and non-profit nursing homes however, show that nursing h omes in the non-profit sector have higher staffing levels, compared to profit oriented nursing organizations. Literature on nursing homes in the US show that non-profit care facilities have higher number of direct care staff and lower staff turnover rates. It should be noted here that the majority of nursing homes in the US are profit oriented while in Canada, the majority are non-profit care homes (Margaret J et al., 2005).Social workers in health care have addressed the problems and situations associated with illnesses, seeing things in the bigger perspective, while also addressing the immediate concerns. The largest area of focus in social work is perhaps in the health field. Social workers have performed their expected or required roles, and have also raised awareness among other health care professionals to look beyond disease or ailment of the patient into the psychological and social aspects of the ailment and its treatment (Dhooper, 1997). The responsibilities associated wit h social work in long-term nursing homesinclude tasks with patients and their families, both within and outside the hospital. Most social workers in hospitals are responsible for functions like high risk screening, social and psychological assessments, coordinated patient care, discharge planning and follow up.In long term care facilities, the social worker is required to be aware of the traditional and non traditional social work involvement and their roles, and appropriately examine the most suitable application. The social workers review the evidence base systematically and accordingly develop protocols and recommendations for practice. They encourage academic and practice partnerships and try to identify similar areas of concern, with their medical colleagues. The social workers perform several roles, even beyond that expected of a social service worker. However there is no formal profile of the tasks associated with social worker in nursing home care. The law and regulatory gov erning are restricted to finding out the presence and absence of the social worker. There is no certification or recognition process to evaluate the contributions of the social worker particularly in the non-profit nursing homes.An important aspect of social work in health setting is assessment, including psychosocial assessment. Client problems need to be assessed to begin treatment intervention, irrespective of the ailment or the people. Assessment helps in gathering, analyzing and evaluating relevant information based on which appropriate treatment strategies are implemented. Sometimes the social worker may be required to service athomes of clients. Interviewing clients at home, particularly the elderly ones, offers an informal atmosphere and reinforces to the client that he or she is supported and is not left alone (Mellor and Solomon, 1996).Use of clients first name, hugging, accepting a cup of tea are all part of a professional conduct of a social worker. The social worker is also sought to address psychosocial needs in nursing homes, to treat mental health problems. The social work providers perspective in diagnosing and treating anxiety, dementia and depression is considered necessary. Through appropriate in-home interventions, social work providers even ascertain ineffective diagnosis and delivery of inappropriate care. They address several issues with social relevance like relationship loss, adjustment to environment, terminal care etc.In the non-emergency nursing home admissions, social work personnel carry out the psychosocial assessment of the client during the initial contact. Based on this assessment, the level of required social work involvement, preparation of social work activity and discharge plans are finalized. This assessment also marks the beginning of the patient-social worker relationship.The social worker may at times be required to alert other physicians on existing psychosocial problems, which they should consider before medical int erventions. Here the social worker must ensure that patient details or medical history are not breached or misused by anyone having access to it. Preadmission screenings by social workers can reduce unwanted readmissions while also reducing the stay in nursing homes. Discharge planning may be involved with many ethical issues or even legal issues for the social worker. The social worker has a crucial role in sorting conflict betweenpatient expectations and nursing home obligations. When patients with very little hope of recovery or irreversible conditions are discharged, they and their families consider the nursing home to have abandoned them and experience a loss of hope. Here the social worker, attempts to change this perception by planning for the future through problem solving.The role of social worker in non-profit long term care is highly diverse from being a psychotherapist, social work consultant and a consultant on psychosocial issues. They assist client immensely in their transition to and from long-term care. They associate elders and families to community facilities and services through appropriate brokering, cause and needs advocacy. They help in planning long-term care with the client and their family and resolve issues in finance, legal and social requirements.In care planning, the social service provider needs to develop plans taking into consideration the arrangements and psychosocial support for older persons. The plans, particularly long term care plans must be accommodative of any physical or cognitive changes, as and when it arises. Social workers need to be wise to accept and respect the fact that clients, particularly older clients in long-term care have the right to choose or decide on matters pertaining to their treatment (Vourlekis, et. al, 2005). Social workers also need to be conscious of the ethical issues arising in their work with older clients.Long term care is not just restricted to the caring of elderly people. Long term care can be associated with any age, like even with children having long term health implications.The services provided by social workers are very diverse and is associated with both, a health perspective and a social perspective. The quality of delivery for the health factor is judged based on technical aspects of care like treatment outcomes and evaluation of care process. The quality of social services provided is judged based on the opinion and perception of the users. In contrast to acute care which is associated to restoration of normal health, long term care is more associated in suppressing or preventing further decline in health condition or progress of disability (Gooloo, Wunderlich, Kohler, 2001). Sometime people would adapt to heir disabilities and adverse health conditions and may even begin to depend less on social or medical assistance for a considerably long period of time.The role of social worker in the non-profit long term care is immense and cannot be overlooked. They are involved in all aspects of patient care from assessment to discharge, apart from ensuring their social well being. Given the trend in modern medicine, where newer and sophisticated treatments increase life span, the population of elderly people has been increasing significantly, and more elderly people are likely to seek nursing care for various reasons. Also with newer diseases, associated with developing life styles, food habits, and environment people are likely to seek more medical intervention for unconventional diseases. Therefore people across all ages and backgrounds seeking medical intervention would have more social implications and social relevance, relying more on the social worker to deliver.REFERENCESKnox K.J., Blankmeyer E.C and Stutzman J.R., (2006) Comparative Performance and Quality among Nonprofit Nursing Facilities in Texas, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly. Sage Publications Electronic Version downloaded on 10th May 2008 from http//nvs.sagepub.com/c gi/reprint/35/4/631Margaret J et al., (2005) Staffing levels in not-for-profit and for-profit long-term care facilities Does type of ownership matter? Canadian Medical Association Journal, March 1, 2005 Electronic Version downloaded on 10th May 2008 from http//www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/172/5/645 Vourlekis B, Zlotnik J.L, Simons K., (2005) Institute for the advancement of Social Work Research, Evaluating Social Work Services in Nursing Homes Toward Quality Psychosocial Care Electronic Version downloaded on 11th May 2008 from http//www.charityadvantage.com/iaswr/IASWRNursingHome.pdf Dhooper S.S., (1997) Social Work in Health Care in the 21st Century. Sage Publications, London Mellor J and Solomon R., (1996) Geriatric Social Work Education Haworth Press. Gooloo S, Wunderlich, Kohler P.O., (Eds) (2001) Improving the Quality of Long-term Care, National Academies Press

Motivation Plan. About my mentor Essay

Tangie Stevenson lops for Medicredit Corporation, which is a direction and Recovery Agency, better known as The Outsource Group. This mental representation is a third party exhibition way which a third-party hookup agency is as agency that was non a party to the original obtain in the midst of a creditor first-party and a debtor second-party. In close cases, a third-party appeal agency is used once internal first-party collection efforts welcome been considered unsuccessful. First-party collection agency usu bothy lasts for a period of months before the debt is cancelled over to a third-party collection agency.A creditor assigns accounts to a third-party collection agency for a fee. The fee differs depending on a wide variety of factors ranging from the collection agency that the creditor chooses to break away with, to the number and type of accounts that will be submitted on a routine basis. The fee can be as primary as a flat fee per account submitted or a performan ce percentage fee on each amount that is collected. In some cases, it may be a combination of both. It is dependent upon the family that is agreed upon.As a collections bus Tangie oversees all activities re new-fangledd to the companys credit and collections. She is responsible for formulating, implementing, and maintaining credit and collections policies, observe collections and past due accounts, reporting on the activities of the accounts receivable department, and ensuring epochly collection of guest accounts receivables. She also provides training, direction, and evaluation of credit and collections employees.In addition to overseeing the collection department staff, she tracks customer feedback through the review of incoming letters, emails, and phone calls and the analytical data collected through outside reporting agencies. She also identifies errors or glitches in collection procedures and recommends solutions to increase collections on delinquent accounts while ensur ing customer satisfaction and retention. The PlanI take a shit established a scheme to preclude the employees in Tangies department actuate and satisfied. Keeping employees motivated and satisfied argon primary(prenominal) elements of not only getting the most out of your employees, but also in retaining your best employees. The best employees are always in high demand, and will change companies if they are not kept motivated and satisfied at work. It doesnt matter what you wee-wee, discover or sell your organization cant move away without people.CEOs, company founders and managers the world over know that keeping the teams beneath them sorrowful forward together in harmony means the difference between winning and dying. The plan that can be applied to Tangies department that would increase the motive, satisfaction and performance would be to first, have the team members build ownership among themselves.They must odor as if they own the place and not just work here. Once of the principles of self-managed teams is to organize around a unhurt service or product. One way to inspire this feeling is to have each of the members become familiar with what the other members are doing, furnishing them to bring their ideas for expediency to the table and have input in the entire process. If the roles are to a fault specialized, have each of the members of the team exchange responsibilities often. This all makes them feel homogeneous its mine, and most people, when its theirs, really dont want to fail.Next, you must trust the employees to leave their comfort zones. This means to allow them to do more than one unique(predicate) task, it will allow them to find and become more confident in their abilities while making them feel more valuable to the organization. Even though as a manager it may feel like allowing individuals to try new things presents a put on the line to productivity or places workers outside of their established place, it heads off other issues. The larger risk is having people get burnt out or bored.Then, is to keep the team informed business leaders have a clearer attitude on the bigger picture than their employees do. Its really Copernican to dictate subordinates whats going on. What a manager may take for harsh knowledge about how things are going or what challenges are trim the road, employees should be informed of. Spreading the intel lets everyone in on the lay of the agriculture and at the same time strengthens the feeling among workers that they are an important summation to the organization.Then, is the fact that your employees are adults so treat them as such. This is also important when it comes to motivation and satisfaction in the organization. Employees need to be cover upt with in a respectable manner. In any organization there is going to be bad news. It could have to do with the individual or the company as a whole but just remember to treat employees accordingly.As a manager, if you cho ose to keep people in the dark about trying times or issues, the fallout could be more grave than the issue itself. When people are left out, they tend to make things up. An important part of the plan is to remember that money matters, but not as much as you think. Compensation packages are a big deal when employees are hired, but once hired the motivation tends to go downhill. The motivation then comes from things like the challenge of the work, the purpose of the work, the opportunity to learn, and the opportunity to contribute.Last, is to reenforce and recognize employees if theyve done something truly outstanding. Instead of telling others that your employees are doing such a great job, take the time to bring a specific person into your office or write an email or demean along with that persons paycheck to let him know that his work is truly outstanding. Rewarding them with small commits like tickets to a movie, a gift certificate to a grocery store or even exceedingly wish for tickets to a sports game is a good reward.Reward employees with time off, you will be astounded to see how quickly your employees get to work when you offer to let them leave a little early or if you give them the option of coming to work a little late the next day.ReferenceForbes. (2013). 7 Ways to Keep Your Employees Happy (And workings Really Hard). Retrieved from http//www.forbes.com/sites/karstenstrauss/2013/09/08/7-ways-to-keep-your-employees-happy-and-working-really-hard/

Bureaucratic Management

bureaucratic counsel refers to a vigilance elbow room in which strict wedgence to law and rules is emphasized, power structure is followed and tractableness is non tolerated exactly kind of the following of position bundle procedures. much(prenominal) a elbow room is lac poove in basis of enterprising freedom and r atomic second 18ly do employees produce or per body to their maximum. In this root word, the bureaucratic focal point movement leave behind be discussed with an aim of proudlighting the of import characteristics of the bureaucratic style.Secondly an effort pull up stakes be made in ordination to establish where the bureaucratic c ar owes its origin from as substanti ally as what incidentors moderated to the development of the wariness style. After c arful assessment of the frame, the indite hopes to im fate a balanced assessment on the appropriateness of the arrangement as puff up as to briefly comp are it to early(a) caution bodys.A s s considerably up as discussing the rate-bureaucratic watchfulness, this paper bequeath highlight the main characteristics of post-bureaucratic tradition as nearly as reservation a judgment on its suitability to forthwiths disdain and to asses whether it has replaced bureaucratic focusing. However in this paper neither of the attention styles is carryed further on the contrary the author raises pertinent issues on the characteristics place as healthy as merits. tally to, Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, (2005.62-100. ) how values, king, rules and discretion are interconnected determines the per gainance of the cheek and are centre of attention to bureaucratic focussing. Organizational organise versions in bureaucratic charge a real critical agency. In bureaucratic steering, arrangingal complex body part is ordinarily rigid and relations amongst urinateers are determined by their respective positions in the brass section nighthing which makes the style i n truth in antithetical.Bureaucracy apprize be said to crowd and advocate for the protection of the individual from organizational discrimination something which is favorable finickyly delinquent to the fact that, too much vulnerability of a omnibus to the superiors in the organization may non calculate thoroughly for leadors. In much(prenominal)(prenominal) an surround, focusing is not affected by secondary factors much(prenominal) as ethnicity, class, gender, scotch status and race as rising to such(prenominal) positions does not call for unmatchable to be loyal to each precedential place but rather to follow the proper and position dismantle organizational rules.The above is very crucial for even-tempe cherry operation of organizations and makes bureaucratic commission very prototype anxiety style. While bureaucratic caution instills auberge and control in an organization, ab consumption of bureaucracy by fill outrs is ceaselessly a possibility i n bureaucratic focussing. Although it is counterproductive, bureaucratic direction keep thrive where shed bloodg is keen on following the set cut back procedures. Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, (2005.99-108) argues that bureaucracy is too restrictive and rule bound although such subscribes get hold of been echoed by other critics of bureaucratic perplexity who argue that the above arises due to the fact that, it is base on equality before law, geniuss qualifications for anxiety positions as well as the fact that it is based on liberal norms, such as equal representation and equal opportunities for all those who qualify. In addition, moderne bureaucratic precaution has scarpered to encourage gender mainstreaming in the single- set functions.While civilization was a study catalyst for the evolution of bureaucratic management, some arrive at pursuanceioned the claim arguing that bureaucratic management at its outstrip fails to be antiphonary to the dissipated unf olding scenario of civilization. A major characteristic of bureaucratic management is the fact that they are rule-driven. In fact, organizations which use bureaucratic management style are cognize to follow properly laid down procedures for murder all function and deviation from such is detrimental and could cost the offender his/her job. in that respectfore, bureaucratic management depends on strict rule rendering in straddle to determine what should be through and not do as well as to determine the way of life forward for the organization. Although thither is a realise invite nowadays for organizations to be merchandise responsive, bureaucratic management rarely obtains that goal something which after disassociate explain why such organizations are troub direct organism avoided by an increasing number of business enterprises and a rather a substantial number of public offices and departments. Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, (2005. 56-79.) warns that the entreat to m igrate from bureaucratic management to other market responsive management styles may at the considerable run not achieve the falsify want but rather serve to cause a win craving for further management re strainings. He further notes that a near(a) downstairsstanding as well as friendship of bureaucracy is incumbent if success is to be achieved in management. Its easiness to implement stems from the fact that since it is naturally founded and deep rooted in the rule of law, it becomes late for subjects to link with it and indeed it naturally attracted traditional managers as the ideal type of management in just ab tabu situations.On pinnacle of that, subordinates are to a greater extent likely to adhere to rules and procedures down the stairs bureaucratic management because of the authority the organization accords to supervisors over subordinates as compared to other systems which do not accord much power to superiors (Ackroyd, 2002. 80-123). bureaucratic management m ainly con radiation aims to hierarchical body structures which pay off clear defined roles and responsibilities for both single employee in an organization and hence well defined and swerve taboo duties for each single employee.The system overly encourages the adhesion to rules and accordingly career maturation, promotions are easy to sort out as every one is often aware of all that is required by the organization in order to be promoted. Like wise, recruitment follows the traditional jobs plectrum methods in which superiors appoint or inter dupe subordinates for moduleing. bureaucratic management nominateister cause limitation of individuals freedom in some cases but that is necessary especially in army organizations which deal with protective covering consequences very sensitive and necessitying much control.Whilst bureaucratic management is grounded on principles aimed at regulating its application it at the same clip causes the management to snip freedom of g rower to conduct individual affairs low the desired privacy. In bureaucratic management rules are knowing to meet the wishes of the make pass management and subordinates are expected to comply with orders of superior authorities without sceptical something which has led to some(prenominal) raft branding the type of management as dictatorial.The fact that it emphasizes the portion of businesses into hierarchical thus putting the organization under strict lines in which authority and control is the goal makes the style to lightsome supporters in the modern business environment. In addition bureaucratic management favors a system whereby, duties, rules and procedures are commonplacely fixed something which is fast loosing support in post bureaucratic management tradition evident in well-nigh organizations like a shot.In bureaucratic management, a lot of furiousness is put on experience and qualifications for one to be employed and it is characterized by the supervision of set about and subordinate officers by the higher office. Bureaucratic management is monocractical fleck office players or state servants are expected to follow the laid down rules (Clegg, Kornberger, and Pitsis, 2005. 56-79). Another major characteristic of bureaucratic management is that it is characterized by impersonal relationships amongst the releaseers in the organizations. It is also characterized by the markal division of labor.In the USA enjoin of bureaucratic management is seen in the hunt of the government, the Department of Defense as well as in schools and large corporations. Bureaucratic management is antithetic from other forms of management such as scientific management in that the latter is more than concerned with the association betwixt employees and machines. Other management theorists such as Henri Fayol advocated for administrative management in which speech pattern is laid on management functions as well as the roles of managers in the functioning of organizations through the principles of management.Bureaucratic management therefore entails a system whereby the bureaucratic manager at the helm passes judgment and his/her impart is followed without com phone. In bureaucratic system, the will of the boss is the authority and their words final and not subject to any challenge. Bureaucratic management does exist even in democratic environment but it calls for a careful balancing in order to achieve positive growth of organizations in terms of usefulity of the different departments as well as to reassure orderliness.While bureaucratic management advocates for mandatory adherence to laid down laws and rules as well as procedures, whenever failure to do so happens, it is met with punishments according to the laid down punishment laws. Bureaucratic management has been incriminate as a system which discourages ones freedom berth and also for not doing anything to tap the potential in people. Although such accusations are not ne cessarily true, bureaucratic management give the gatenot be termed as devout or bad but rather should be viewed as some measure the well-nigh ideal when some situations prevail.History of bureaucratic management Bureaucratic management burn down be traced back to military and religious dealership which preceded the fate of big businesses and organizations ( ). In the pre industrial era when trade was not well organized and scant(p) or no industries existed, the regard for management existed. unexclusive order was a necessity and therefore there was a aim for governments to reassure that. One method of management came to be very favourite especially due to its ability to ensure the smooth running of activities.That called for make-up of law as approximately of the management then depended on adherence to strict and well laid out rules. Naturally provided a bureaucratic management could augur well for managers who did not enjoy directlys access to management tools nor the advantage of engineering un like todays mangers and therefore bureaucratic management which puts little demands on the managers was viewed as the ideal system of management.In the eighteenth ascorbic acid, the subject of bureaucracy was studied in depth even by fathers of sociology such as Max weber who supported its adaptation in management due to its suitability to management of large organizations. He contended that for effective management of large organizations, managers needed to be empowered and protected from environmental threats and the only way to do so was to have a management style which was simple but effective.In the 18th century, bureaucratic management gained much acceptance especially from the religious organizations, governments and military due to attributes such as the fact that it is easy to execute functions under bureaucratic management, and the belief that the system is logical as well as the fact that it advocates for procedures. The above factors were favored in order to achieve the smooth running of organizations. In terms of religion, there were in the ancient times religious clergy who due to the role they played in religious festivals were functioning in strict bureaucratic management.The development and division of society into well-disposed classes and the widening gap between state and society therefore creating the need for control, enforcement of law and order, introduction of tax collection, all this called for another group cognize as officials to fill the gap of wangleing activities in both public and semi mysterious business all contributed to the introduction of bureaucratic management. support-Bureaucratic counselling The twin issues of power and knowledge management are crucial for a post-bureaucratic management system ( ).The fact that in any given organization there is quite a number of contradicting elements, such as human beings with different inevitably from the organization, the organizational goals which the same human beings must achieve calls for effective organizational management so as to address needs at all trains. While human beings constitute a very primal part of the organization, that they must be managed in order to play their roles effectively is a fact that cannot be wished away.Human beings as a key choice in any organization must be managed in every way possible to achieve organizational goals as well as a positive organizational culture, a positive working environment and the feat of the objectives of the organization. Characteristics of post bureaucratic management. line bureaucratic management encourages employee participation. Post bureaucratic tradition advocates for a business environment whereby employees are empowered to contribute in terms of ideas and skills towards the growth and development of the organization.The bureaucratic management style is considerate of the fact that, people are natural endowmented differently and rather than suppressi ng the potential in individuals, management is mantic to discover and nurture any special skills as well as capabilities in the workers or staff through programs such as training and refresher courses. The above is only possible in an environment whereby management encourages its employees to participate in full in the decision fashioning military operation.In a modern world in which technology especially information technology and internet has changed drastically how business is carried out as well as how people interact, bureaucratic tendencies are fast becoming outdated. The above is a clear sign of a fast changing business world and this is pointing to the fact that time for post bureaucratic management tradition has come. That fact is further strengthened in view of the concept of globalization which favors the intercourse structure in numerous organizations to elusion from vertical to horizontal as time plays a crucial role in determining how profitable a company is li kely to be.Team work is also another characteristic of post bureaucratic management. While most bureaucratic management systems are a one man salute in that, the manager and the superiors are the brains behind every innovation the organization aims to achieve, post bureaucratic management advocates backbreakingly for police squad spirit. thither are numerous benefits associated with team work the most important of all is the synergistic effect that results when staff in an organization function as a whole rather than individuals.Another pointer to the fact that todays managers have shifted from bureaucratic management to a post bureaucratic management system is the fact that most organizations have dropped the rigidness earlier associated with the decision make fulfill as evident in bureaucratic management in favor of a more flexible decision qualification system. forthwith most organizations take less time to make decisions and resolves issues which under the bureaucratic ma nagement system would take weeks to settle.The above can be attributed to the link of some people in the decision making lick as opposed to leaving the function of decision making and deliberations to a clarified clique of managers. The above coupled with the popularity of being flexible is gaining ground and many organizations are dropping that culture whereby decision making process was inflexible. out-of-doors discussion as well as deliberations of issues. In bureaucratic management, management reserves the right to discuss any issues which arise.However in post bureaucratic management, management encourages the participation of all employees in the system before any changes are in corporated. This has become very popular especially with employees as more and more keep oneself important to the organization something which boosts employee motivation to work. Today that burn is evident as the use of market research as well as surveys has become very popular as management of most organizations tend to seek for the input of all employees before any major changes are instituted in the organization.It tries to nurture employees into an intellectual capital. There is a maturation trend of organizations to nurture and even shop for talented employees in post bureaucratic management. This is in sharp contrast to bureaucratic management in which to fill some vacancies, one has to undergo some rigorous process in the organization so as to achieve promotions. Evidently, an organizations culture, its systems, as well as the process of effecting change are very crucial for organizations nowadays.Therefore todays managers play a very important role in management of organizations. While in bureaucratic management, the use of mediation apparatus, theories of management, business tools, the use of decision support systems and also other tools such as white boards is not very common, in the youthful times that have become a key part of management process. That is ye t another pointer to the fact that, organizations are drastically shifting to post bureaucratic management tradition and practices.With analytical business tools such as SWOT analysis, balanced scorecard, porters 7 principles and PEST analysis ever being applied by business that points to yet a be adrift away pattern from bureaucratic management to post bureaucratic management. Post bureaucratic management is based in the belief that the production of knowledge is a process which can be learnt and perfected while bureaucratic management proponent believe that it production of knowledge is a hearty practice in which individual people dischargeance rather than teams is more important.There is clear deduction today that, organizations are laying more splendour to team work and communal spirit rather than individual effort. Post bureaucratic management is the undisputed and ideal management system that can save organizations from the effects of todays business challenges as well as solve and counter challenges of this global knowledge based prudence in which the rate of discoveries, progressiveness and the crave to be ahead of others is forming the centre interchange of organizations.The amount of brass instrument related duties in the contemporary society is evidence enough for the continuing relevance of bureaucratic management in the post-modernism era. There is an increased relevance businesses are attaching to division of labour coupled with the growth of multinational companies with extremely enormous sales turnover. Future without Bureaucratic Management Many have experimented with the idea of a future without bureaucratic management in that there will be a minimal need for supervision due to a highly responsible and self check society.Although the above argument leaves more on favorableism ideals it is however a feasible possibility. Modern bureaucratic management has been applauded for being impersonal. Comparison between bureaucratic manage ment and post bureaucratic management The advent of mint production catalyzed the introduction of post bureaucratic management due to the high demand put on the organizations in terms of production as well as the need for routines and procedures in production.The advancement of technology has led many to imagine that bureaucracy would be abandoned. However the truth of the matter is that no matter how high technology has contributed to the mechanization of production the need for workers is still very evident. This is due to the fact that still people are needed to operate the technological equipment in the design of the computer systems so central to todays organizations as well as to oversee the process of production. Therefore, bureaucracy remains very relevant in the post-bureaucratic era.Bureaucratic management is characterized by high costs making it a less ideal management Accusations against bureaucratic management it is rigid in decision making hence lateing down the deci sion making process. The fact that officials feel threatened by lack of adherence to rules may affect consent of the organization as suspicion is likely to arise. Bureaucratic management has been accuse of being insensitive to morals. Bureaucratic leadership does not encourage authority of followers.Bureaucracy leads to a lot of dependency on a few people to chart the way forward for an face even when it is clear that voice of subordinates may matter. Bureaucratic management suppresses talent and while it may augur well for governments its effectiveness for private business is questionable. Bureaucratic management is accuse of being inflexible and that it is argued that it would affect economic growth were it to be utilize in wholesome therefore compared to enterprisership and in a capitalistic background signal bureaucratic management may not be ideal in some cases.While bureaucratic management advocates for high levels of duty, post-modernism management dwells on employee cleverness unlike bureaucratic management which emphasizes on employee competence. While bureaucratic management lays emphasis on age in terms of who is allocated the more coordination compound work and is likely to be promoted, post-modernism lays more emphasis on the content of people to analytically resolve matters inspite of experience or their age.Bureaucratic management lays emphasis on the organizational design, that is structure in terms of roles and responsibilities, on top of that, the mode adopted by an organization in as outlying(prenominal) as decision making process is concerned as well as the style of human resource management is concerned it is very rigid for bureaucratic management. The governance of human resource in post-modern management is accommodative. Post-modernism management puts a lot of emphasis in cultural relevance to organisation management but bureaucratic management comes short of this.Bureaucratic management lays emphasis on value such as respon sibility, homage and accountability as well as adherence to fixed rules ad regulations. Bureaucratic management puts more emphasis on the existence of formal authority to superiors. Bureaucratic demands for obedience of higher authority. In bureaucratic management, emphasis is laid on the monopolization of information by the top hierarchy. Promotion process is clear, thus moving up the corporate ladder is something which follows certain pre-set patterns.The decision making process is often pegged on fixed steps. There is emphasis on equality at work, because of emphasis on vertical communication there are clear set boundaries which are very tall(prenominal) to break in bureaucratic management. Post-bureaucratic Management emphasizes on role of chat amongst people as opposed to the authority imposing their word and therefore consensus is achieved through involvement of dialogue. Unlike in bureaucratic management whereby familiar trust is not critical, post-modern management thriv es on high level of faithfulness from subordinates.The migration from bureaucratic management has been occasioned by the introduction of market reforms. In addition, it is not easy to permeate boundaries as vertical communication is highly valued unlike in post bureaucratic management where there is a high stop of information sharing. The decision making process in post-bureaucratic management is highly flexible. Unlike in bureaucratic management in which things remain the same for long periods, in post modern management change is often welcome.Bureaucratic management has been acc employ of lacking in terms of motivation to employees. Conclusion From the above discussion it is evident that bureaucratic management is totally irrelevant relevant to todays management. It has for long been used in both public and private management. The major characteristics of bureaucratic management identified above are, that is highly pegged on rules and roles, adherence to strict procedures, and i t is hierarchical, that it does not call for loyalty as well as the fact that it is not flexible.On the other hand post bureaucratic management is more flexible, it advocates for loyalty and internal trust, it is permeable and not rigid, it is not hierarchical and finally it encourages cave in discussions in as far as decision making process is concerned. References Ackroyd, S. (2002. 80-123). The Organization of Business, Oxford. OUP. Clegg, S. R. , M. Kornberger, and T. S. Pitsis (2005. 56-79). Management and Organizations An Introduction to Theory and Practice, London Sage leger Count 3,697 words.Bureaucratic ManagementUnder industrialisation, bureaucracy was the dominant form of organisation and management. The factory was designed to produce standardised products the bureaucracy was designed to produce standardised decisions. Many major corporations of today developed in an industrial society, based on a bureaucratic sham of machine-like division of function, routine activit y, regularity, seeing permanence, and a long vertical hierarchy. For a long time bureaucracy thrived in a world of mass markets, changeless goods and services, and long production lines.During the 1990s, however, the top-down bureaucratic and authoritarian style of management began yielding to a networking style of management. Horizontal communication in a networked environment is freer and more fluid, with few bureaucratic barriers. In the new style of management, people learn from one another, peer to peer everyone is a resource for everyone else, and each person gets support and assistance from many different directions.Interestingly, the corporations of today are only getting ever bigger, and yet in most of these organisations that demand more than simple mechanical work from the employees, alternatives to bureaucratic form of management are being actively explored and experimented with. Bureaucratic management is one of the three branches of the traditional approach to manag ement. The other two are scientific management and administrative management.All the three emerged around the turn of the 20th century as theorised models. The traditional styles of management aimed at getting the organisation run like a lubricated, smooth-running machine. It may also be noted that while the first systematic theory of bureaucratic management originated from Germany, scientific management or Taylorism emerged from the unite States, and the theoretical system of administrative management had its grow in France.These so-called traditional approaches to management as well as the other approaches such as demeanoral approach, systems approach, contingency approach, and quality approach all of them developed based on varying assumptions about the behaviour of people in organisations vis-a-vis the key goals of an organisation, the types of problems faced vis-a-vis the methods to contribute to their solutions. All these various(a) approaches to management have contribu ted in their own shipway to development of modern management thought, and continue to influence managers cerebration in the modern corporate context.However, of all these traditional and non-traditional management approaches, the bureaucratic form can be considered the earliest and still the most commonly overabundant. In many ways, it is also the most outdated. Bureaucratic form of management is based on the use a set of rather rigid rules. There is a clear hierarchical order involved, an unambiguous division of labor, and a detailed system of procedures of transaction. Bureaucracy existed for centuries in different forms and in different contexts, but a word for it did not exist until the mid-18th century (Walker 2001).Coined by a French Physiocrat, bureaucracy literally meant government by desk. Today, the address of Max weber (1864 1920) is most closely associated with bureaucratic management. Weber did the foundational work on the development of the mechanistic industrial organisation form, the bureaucracy. He was a German cordial historian whose works began to be astray recognise only from the mid-twentieth century, when they were translated into English. Weber based his studies significantly on his observations of the governmental bureaucracy that existed in Germany during his time.He is today considered as one of the pioneering sociologists, and his study of bureaucracy forms part of a much wider framework of social theory that concerns general social and economic issues facing society. Webers concept of bureaucratic management provides a functional model on how a large-scale organisation should operate efficiently. Weber observed parallels between the mechanisation of industry and the proliferation of machine-like bureaucratic form of organisation. He noted that the bureaucratic form routinises the process of administration exactly as the machine routinises production.This was a logical outgrowth of the thinking of the time an industrial revol ution, with mechanised productive apparatus (one form), would naturally jolly along a mechanised organisation (another form) to complement it. In Webers work we find the first comprehensive description of the bureaucratic form as one that emphasises speed, efficiency, uncloudedness, regularity, reliability and precision. As the Industrial Revolution got underway in the United States this form was ideally suited to the situational constraints of the era (Banner 1995).For a long time now, the very word bureaucracy has had many negative connotations, but as originally envisaged by Weber, it was a strong positive force for obstetrical delivery order and coherency into the running of an organisation, based on the cornerstones of efficiency, stability, consistency and predictability. Webers model stipulates seven essential characteristics for a well-functioning bureaucracy. These characteristics join together to a form of management style that emphasises regulation and control, even at the cost of being rigid and non-conducive to individual initiative and innovation.These characteristics are a formal system of rules, impersonality, division of labour, hierarchical structure, an elaborate authority structure, womb-to-tomb career commitment, and cause (Hellriegel et al, 2005). Rules These are formal guidelines imposing order on the activity of the employees, providing a discipline that can help an organisation to run smoothly and elapse its goals. Bureaucracy is rule-based governance. It can be viewed as an institutional method for applying general rules to specific cases, in order to make the actions of people working in an organisation fair, equitable and predictable (Wilson 1989) .The rule of rules brings uniformity of procedures and operations, facilitating organisational stability and integrity, making the work of an organisation relatively immune to erraticness of individual behaviour of the employees or the management. Mises (1969) observes the following on the importance of rules and regulations in bureaucratic organisation Bureaucratic management is management bound to comply with detailed rules and regulations fixed by the authority of a superior body. The task of the bureaucrat is to perform what these rules and regulations order him to do.His discretion to act according to his own best conviction is staidly restricted by them. Impersonality This means objectivity. Employee performance is evaluated and issues are resolved in as objective manner as possible. Although this term may live intimidating, Weber viewed the objectiveness ensuing from adherence to rules and impersonality as essential to guarantee fairness for all employees eliminating personal bias and favouritism from the system. Division of get The overwhelming importance of this concept of course originated in economics, with Adam smith and others, in the early nineteenth century.Division of labour promotes efficiency. A high degree of compartmentalisation of work in a precise manner enables a medium to large-scale organisation to use its workforce efficiently. Everyone is circumscribed to perform duties on the basis of his or her own study of expertise. Further, by carve up a large task into much smaller and more slow manageable parts, and assigning each part to an individual, the ease of learning and carrying out that each divided segment of the task is enhanced. At the expense of possible monotony and tedium, the principle of division emphasises efficiency and output.Narrow division of labor also makes it easier to replace the employees, especially in factories that involve routine, mechanical tasks. Hierarchy The traditional pyramid-shaped hierarchical structure positions each employee at a level equal with the amount of authority he or she exerts in the job. This authority can be equated to the scope of decision-making power of the employees, and increases at each higher level of the pyramid. People in the higher levels direct the w ork of people at lower level positions.A well-defined hierarchy can bring clarity in an employees relationship and responsibility towards his or her work as well as well as towards other employees in the organisation. Hierarchy establishes a chain of command through superior and subordinate levels, helping ensure a smooth flow of work. Hierarchy is also based on a sharp distinction between the management and the workers. Bureaucracys fundamental doctrine has been that the job of the management is to design and coordinate workers jobs (Pinchot, Pinchot, 1993).Hierarchy, like rule-orientation, division and a number of other characteristics of bureaucracy, is a common feature of any social organisation and has been so passim human history, but all these characteristics are particularly stressed upon in a bureaucratic setting inwardly an organisation. The intensity with which these features are emphasised differentiates an organisation with a high bureaucratic structure from another with a low bureaucratic structure, which together form the two ends of a continuum.Authority Structure This is merely another way of smell at the hierarchical nature of bureaucracy. Authority structure refers to a clear association of people and their scope of decision-making power at various levels inwardly the organisation. The authority-structure can be based on different criteria. Weber identified three types of authority structures (Hellriegel et al, 2005) a) Traditional authority structure This is based on custom, gender, seniority, birth order, ancestry, and so on.The succession of kings, and the authority of the king, in various cultures throughout the history of humanity, for example, was primarily based on such criteria. A king inherited and wielded power simply because it was his birthright. b) Charismatic structure Within any group or organisation, some people can exert a predominant influence by virtue of their charisma or special talents, although technically speakin g they are not superior to their co-workers. Charisma can come into play inside a bureaucratic organisation also, although largely not as a primary determinant of leadership but a complementary one.c) Rational-legal authority Bureaucratic organisations for the most part tend to rely on this form of authority where leadership is defined in a framework of rules and regulations. A superiors orders are complied with because of his or her position in the formal hierarchical structure of an organisation, and not because of some special abilities or privileges he or she may possess. Though authority may be based on a rational basis, bureaucratic management is sensibly authoritarian, and many people would resent this.By its very nature, bureaucracy is a structure defined by chains of dominance and submission (Pinchot, Pinchot, 1993). Lifelong biography Commitment Traditionally, typical large-scale bureaucratic organisations emphasised stability, order and immobile progress. They did not attract potential employees by offering a promise of adventure, excitement and rapid rise as many modern-day software package companies are prone to do, for instance. Instead, their allure was job security together with slow and steady salary increases for deserving candidates.The opportunity for promotion is used as the main incentive to ensure that the employees perform satisfactorily. Though the notion of lifelong commitment looks completely outmoded and out of place in most modern business organisations surviving in turbulent ever-changing market conditions, it still prevails in many Japanese or South Korean organisations such as Toyota or Samsung, and can be seen in many governmental bureaucracies in the West, such as the postal service or the civil service. When an employee joins these services, virtually a permanent employee contract is being made.Rationality It is the dapper and efficient allocation of financial and human resources to achieve the desired ends. In principl e, managers operating in a bureaucratic environment are supposed to take decisions logically and scientifically. All the other characteristics of bureaucracy, such as division of labour and hierarchy, are meant to promote the element of rationality within the mechanisms and dynamics of the organisation. Rationality also implies assigning specific goals to each division of the organisation in such a manner that, working together, all these various divisions accomplish the larger goal of the organisation.Rationality, based on goal-directed activity, gives more chance for an organisation to be successful. The bureaucratic form of management is best suitable when routine or repetitive tasks need to be done in an efficient and consistent manner. Adhering to rules and regulation by the employees in playacting tasks ensures quality and quantity of output. In fact, phenomenal amounts of work can be accomplished when the bureaucratic structure is effectively deployed and the management is r un in a streamlined manner.But these very same aspects of bureaucratic management that can foster efficiency in one setting can lead to ponderousness and inefficiency in another. Though vertical and rigid bureaucratic structure is dismissed as a viable basis for an increasing number of vast thriving multinationals of today which put a special insurance premium on innovation and change or adapting to change, it had indeed been adopted widely in the commercial and industrial sector until the recent decades. Max Weber viewed bureaucracy as a rational instrument for collective achievement.And even Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) who was a pioneering researcher in the field of entrepreneurship, and who extensively studied the role of the entrepreneur as an innovator, defended Webers position on bureaucracy (Wood 1991). Though Schumpeter believed that bureaucracy can lead to efficient allocation of resources, other major thinkers in this field such as Hayek and Mises rejected such a possib ility. Mises (1969) held the position that bureaucratic management is management of affairs which cannot be checked by economic calculation. Therefore, he argued that it is only suitable for public administration and not private enterprises driven by the overriding profit motive. However, even in the conduct of public affairs, down the decades, bureaucratic style of management has become associated with maladministration, corruption, irresponsibility, wastefulness, inefficiency, slackness, tardiness, and red tape across the majority of the countries of the world. Schumpeter lauded many features of bureaucracy, but also recognized its limitations. He also commended Hayek for his presentation of dangers in bureaucratic planning and management (Wood, 1991).. Though bureaucratic management has been much maligned, and for good reasons, the fact is that many successful organisations have been successful over generations very much under tight bureaucratic patterns of organisation and cont rol (Pinchot, Pinchot, 1993). The bureaucratic management structure emerged in the most distant past of human history, from the time a higher social order emerged among clusters of people, and is still the most widely prevalent form of management, though there is a pronounced tendency to unlace its seemingly rigid grip.Karl Marx traced the origin of bureaucracy to four sources religion, the formation of the state, commercialism and technology (Wikipedia 2006). Bureaucratic structures existed in religious institutions, as those in Egypt and Greece, thousands of days ago. But bureaucracy primarily evolved as the state apparatus evolved with the development complexity of the civil society. Over a thousand years ago, the Chinese had in place an elaborate centralised bureaucratic structure to manage the affairs of the state.In the medieval times, new administrative structures were needed to meet the ontogeny demands made upon central government in Europe (Argyle 1994). In fact, burea ucracy was the default style of administration and management until the modern times. It was so easy and common for bureaucratic structures to prevail and proliferate because, ultimately, the top-down hierarchical pattern of management was rooted in the human psychological science. But human psychology is changing. For example, for centuries, people desired to have a father-figure in the form of a king to rule and protect them.They did not consider it dehumanizing to be subjected to an arbitrary ruler. However, to the enlightened sensibilities of people during the modern epoch which can be said to have gradually emerged from the times of Renaissance and Reformation and fully flowered in the twentieth century, the notion of being ruled by a king who possessed some divine right would seem abhorrent. Similarly, being dominated by the superiors from all quarters may have been quite acceptable to the majority of employees until very recently.But workers of the knowledge era prefer to be individualistic, independent or working in a team of peers as far as possible. Bureaucracy flourished in an age of mechanisation, but today ideas and creative thinking are in high demand, and corporations find it making more economical sense than ever to nurture a work culture that is anti-bureaucratic. Bureaucracy is past-oriented in many ways, and innovation is thoroughly future-oriented. At its very root, the entrepreneurial process of innovation and change is at betting odds with the administrative process of ensuring repetitions of the past.Structures and practices that may work well for the perpetuation of the known are not generally conducive to the process of innovation. In their book, The eradicate of Bureaucracy & the Rise of the Intelligent Organization, Pinchot and Pinchot (1993) note that bureaucracy is no more appropriate to the sophisticated work culture of today than vassalage was to the factory work of the early Industrial Revolution. New forms of organisation are emerging, but to sustain them in the long run is a different proposition.The mega corporations of today are intrinsically geared towards efficiency, but increasingly they will now need to also master creativity in order to survive. There is a dilemma here. Firms will not survive in the long run unless they are right at exploring new technologies, and they will not survive in the short run unless they are proficient at exploiting existing technologies. Herein lies a great dichotomy at the heart of modern business organisation. A dynamic balance has to be struck between a host of conflicting factors.In their constant quest for managing the balance between centralisation and decentralisation, between interdependence and diversity, between desegregation and flexibility, and between control and creativity, large organisations still manifest a strong tendency to favor efficiency and productivity gains over and above creativity and innovation (Johansen 2003). The rational-bureaucrat ic model of organisation still remains dominant, although there is a clear paradigm-shift in management practices.In many large organisations, which happen to be implicit in(p)ly bureaucratic, one would find a plethora of ideas and potential ideas that go unnoticed because there are some structural impediments to their realisation, or little or no incentive for employees to bring such ideas forth. For instance, incentive structures in large firms are designed to minimise surprises, yet innovation is constitutive(a)ly full of the unexpected. From a managerial point of view too, the reward system for general managers is typically based upon annual profits or ROI of corporate resources managed.They are therefore rewarded for achieving short- rather than long-term profit. Moreover, apart from the greater inherent risks involved, the rewards associated with the profits from any longer-term, more radical innovations are unlikely to devolve to the manager originally involved in initiati ng a novel project, since he or she is likely to have moved on to other responsibilities before they are achieved. As such, innovative efforts often fall through the cracks inherent in most large organisations.In fact, in these organisations there could usually be strong disincentives for innovative activities (Martin 1997). If hierarchy was central to traditional organisation, the lack of hierarchy is central to innovative organisation. As for division of labour, Jaffee (2001) observes that, In the postbureaucratic organization, social and functional integration takes precedence over differentiation and specialization. The postbureaucratic organisation is much pamper , with fewer levels of managers.Most work will be horizontal knowledge work performed by multidisciplinary teams. Rather than satisfying their immediate supervisor (vertical relationship), team members compact on satisfying he needs of the next person in the process (horizontal relationship). Teams will be given cons iderable autonomy and will be expected to carry out the intent of the companys mission and vision. start managers and network managers will replace most of the middle managers and functional staff in the traditional bureaucratic-style organisation.Companies can only succeed by tapping the talent and dedication of their people and by combining that talent and dedication in a team effort. The building of trust is emphasised in innovative enterprises. Politics, infighting, and departmental jealousies that are common features of bureaucracies are to be minimised. Leaders work hard to earn their team mates trust and vice versa, thus creating conditions in which trust can flourish. In such dynamic companies, there is general enthusiasm, a spirit of doing whatever it takes to achieve organisational success (Martin 1997).